You actually said you enjoyed copying manuscripts, that you had also been copying manuscripts in Berlin for some
gentleman
(curse the sound of that word when unaccompanied by name and explanation!
KittlerNietzche-Incipit-Tragoedia
.
ofsuccessataUniversity""-as thescienceofpsychoanalysis.
Marie Bonaparte, to whom Freud divulged his question about the question of women, was only one of many women students; Lou Andreas-Salom6 was another (to say nothing of Freud's daughter).
"Ladies and Gentlemen"-so begins the Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, delivered at the University of Vienna during the winter semesters from 1915 to 1917. A discourse based on women's discourse can and must, even under academic conditions, return to women. This distinguishes it from the Discourse of the University, which from I 800 on systematically excluded women so that countless bureaucrats could con- duct their dance around the alma mater. Only a Great Mother could make possible the hero so necessary for subjects of the university to utter any knowledge: the author. I6 A masculine discourse on and from the Mother fed university discourse, just as hysteric discourse fed psychoana- lytic discourse. In 1897, immediately before the only university reform that has ever been worthy of the name, when Arthur Kirchhoff gathered his judgments of Prominent University Professors, Teachers,and Writers on the Aptirude of Women for University Study, the university subject Dr. Hajim Steinthal opined that women should not attend the university, for "in the uncertain hope of producing another Goethe, I could only re- gret the certainty of losing a mother-of-Goethe. " "
Lectures to "Ladies and Gentlemen" thus eliminate, along with "Frau Rat," the necessary preconditions of authorship, even if they produce a great many women writers and analysts. Either there is an alma mater on one side and on the other young men to whom (excluding such impos- sible women as Giinderode) an authorial God's Kingdom is revealed, or the whole interpreter's game between man and the world comes apart. If man and woman, author and mother, can no longer be added up-and the synthesis of form and matter, spirit and world, was man in a psycho- logical sense and the world in a philosophical sense-it was because on August I 8, 1908, a forty-year war for the admission of women to univer-
? sities finally led to victory, even in Prussia. It then became impossible to lead male and only male students around by the nose in the Faustian manner-during the lectures they had so many Cleopatra's noses right before their eyes.
The university reform was a radical turning point in the relationship between sexuality and truth. What disappeared was "the particular char- acter of German students" and that "unbridled student atmosphere" known from the Auerbach's Keller (in Goethe's Fuust). For the first time, women talked about sexuality and thus "cast off the ideal that Germans fortunately still demand from a woman. "'n In other words, only Eve or the One Woman can satisfy the desires of professors and male students, whereas the plurality of women students enter a domain of discourse that, since Edison, no longer knows love. "Having both sexes in the class- room" necessarily means "putting no emphasis whatsoever on sexual dif- ference" and "confronting the phenomena of intellectual-historical life soberly and objectively" rather than in fantasies of love. I9
No sooner said than done. Immediately before he delivers the good news to the ladies among the ladies and gentlemen present that, anatomi- cally, they also have a phallus, and that in dreams they have the symbols wood, paper, and books, Freud states that he owes an account of his treatment of primary sexual characteristics. zoHis response matches the principles of coeducation just cited. "As there can be n o science in u s ~ m Delphzni, there can be none for schoolgirls; and the ladies among you have made it clear by their presence in this lecture-room that they wish to be treated on an equality with men. ""
Now that is equal rights. Nothing stands in the way of writing for women, who, first, have a phallus or stylus and who, second, are wood, paper, or books-least of all a determination of the human race that dif- ferentiated authors as engravers and women as the writing tablets of na- ture. If both sexes can be found on both sides of the difference, they are ready for a writing apparatus that can d o without a subject and a stylus. There was a time when needles in the hands of women wove cloth, when pens in the hands of authors wove another cloth called text. But that time is past. "Machines everywhere, wherever one looks! There is a replace- ment for the countless tasks that man performed with an able hand, a replacement and one with such power and speed. . . . It was only to be expected that after the engineer had taken the very symbol of feminine skill out of women's hands a colleague would come up with the idea of replacing the pen as well, the symbol of masculine intellectual produc- tion, with a machine. ""
Machines do away with polar sexual difference and its symbols. An apparatusthat can replace Man or the symbol of masculine production is
QUEEN'S SACRIFICE 35I
? also accessible to women. Apart from Freud, it was Remington who "granted the female sex access to the office. "z'A writing apparatus that does not represent an erotic union of script and voice, Anselmus and Ser- pentina, Spirit and Nature, is made to order for coeducational purposes. The typewriter brought about (Foucault's Order of Things overlooks such trivialities) "a completely new order of things. ""
Whereas the first generation of women students, described in Mari- anne Weber's The Changing Image of University Women, "consciously renounced the garland of feminine grace," another type soon appeared. This type discovered "an infinite variety of new kinds of human contact in the previously unavailable possibilities of intellectual exchange with young men: comradeship, friendship, love. " Unsurprisingly, this type also "finds ready encouragement from most professors. " Mrs. Forster- Nietzsche was told by a professor in Zurich that "the emancipated women of the earlier period are gradually becoming more charming," and they "are highly valued as secretaries and assistants at universities and librar- ies. "l" She could have heard the same thing from an ex-professor of Basel who went half-blind and had to alternate between using secretaries and typewriters.
"It is better to become the amanuensis of a scholar than to d o scientific work at one's own cost"-such was Ellen Key's advice to working women. z-They found a place in the university mid-way between being slaves at the typewriter and research assistants. As the example of Felice Bauer shows, the situation was the same in office work. Employed by a firm that happened to manufacture phonographs, Kafka's fiancee was promoted from a secretarial to a managerial position in just a few years, simply because she was a good typist. Certainly "office work, whether keeping the books, handling accounts, or typing, gives a woman little op- portunity to make her special, most characteristic contribution. "znYet despite or because of this The Entrance of Women into Male Professions, as one title put it, occurred in the field of text production. Women have the admirable ability "to sink to the level of mere writing machines. " Whereas men, with the commendable exception of a writers' elite and the Stefan George script, continued to depend on their classically formed handwriting and thereby blindly, without resistance, left a market posi- tion unoccupied, young women "with the worst handwriting" advanced "to operating a typewriter"-as if, from the pedagogue's point of view, "one were building a church tower in thin air, having forgotten the foun- dation walls. "zv
That is just it. Foundation walls no longer count. Remington typewrit- ers turned the systematic handicap of women, their insufficient education, into a historical opportunity. The sales division of the firm just cited had
? only to discover, in I 88 I , the masses of unemployed women-and out of an unprofitable innovation came the typewriter as mass-produced prod- uct. '' A two-week intensive course with a rented typewriter made the long classical education required for the secretary Anselmus and his fun- damentally male colleagues in the nineteenth century unnecessary. "The so-called 'emancipation' of women"" was their taking hold of the ma- chine that did away with pedagogical authority over discourse. Office work, in Germany and elsewhere, became the front line in the war be- tween the sexes because it was "not a profession protected by entrance and selective examinations. "
Jonathan Harker, a lawyer in an English notary office, keeps a diary while traveling to Transylvania with documents to be delivered to Count Dracula. The notebook is his salvation from the strange pleasures that
QUEEN'S SACRIFICE 353
? overcome the Count night after night. Harker, like Brigge, Ronne, Lauda, and all the others, notes: "As I must do something or go mad, 1write this diary. " " Harker has learned stenography, but even so notebook writers still gain identifiability, coherence, and thus individuality from their handwriting.
Meanwhile Harker's fianc6e sits longingly at the typewriter back in Exeter. Whereas her betrothed will one day simply inherit the notary practice on the death of his employer, Mina Murray is sorely in need of new discursive technologies. She is an assistant schoolmistress but, not content with pedagogic half-emancipation, she dreams of doing "what 1 see lady journalists do. " So she diligently practices typing and stenogra- phy in order to be able "to take down what he wants to say" after her marriage to J ~ n a t h a n . 'H~owever (as Lily Braun had so rightly seen), the "disintegration of the old family structure" sets in "precisely where one thought oneself quite conservative":" for office girls, even if they have other dreams, there is no "return to any sort of position in the family. "%
The typewriter and officetechnology can never be contained in the closed space of motherhood. Their function is always that of the interface be- tween branching and specified streams of data. This becomes clear as Stoker's novel develops.
Instead of simply taking dictation from Jonathan, now her husband, Mina Harker is forced to become the central relay station of an immense information network. For the Count has arrived secretly in England and is leaving scattered and fearful signs of his presence. One is a madman in whose brain the psychiatrist, Dr. Seward, discovers new and dreadful nerve paths; he immediately has the verbal traces of these paths spoken into his phonograph. Another is Mina's friend, Lucy Westenra; two small wounds appear on her throat and she becomes increasingly somnam- bulant, anemic, and (to put it briefly) hysterical. Finally, there is a Dutch physician, who "has revolutionized therapeutics by his discovery of the continuous evolution of brain-matter. "'- This allows him to discover what is actually behind the scattered evidence of the horror. But his in- sight would remain a gray theory of vampirism if Mina Harker did not undertake the task of exhaustive evidence gathering. She who dreamed of doing what she saw lady journalists do uses her typewriter to transcribe every diary entry, every phonograph roll, every relevant newspaper clip- ping and telegram, every document and log book. She makes copies of her transcriptions; she delivers these daily to all the investigators, and so on and on. "
The Count, had he any idea of what was occurring, might have ex- claimed in the words of Schreber: "For years they have been keeping books01other notations, in which all my thoughts, my verbal expres-
? sions, my personal articles, all objects in my possession or anywhere near me, all people I come into contact with, etc. , are written down. "
It is not always easy for a woman to incorporate into a text every shred of evidence of a perverse desire. Seward's (not to say Stransky's) phono- graphic roll turns faster than a typist's hands would like. The "wonderful machine" is also so "cruelly true" that the transcribing Mina perceives the beating of tormented hearts "in its very tones. " ' But a discourse func- tionary does not give in, simply because she has become a discourse func- tionary. Her friend, however, like so many hysterics since Eugene Azam and Richard Wagner, suddenly manifests a second personality at night: while still wretched and docile, she refuses medication, draws her gums back from her eyeteeth, and speaks in an uncharacteristically soft, sala- cious voice. It is as if Kundry in the first act of Pursiful had become Kun- dry in the magic garden.
"What does a woman want? " In the discourse network of 1900 the alternatives are no longer motherhood or hysteria, but the machine or destruction. Mina Harker types, whereas Lucy Westenra's second per- sonality is the will willed by a despotic signifier. On the one hand, a de- sexualization permits the most intimate diaries and most perverse sexu- alities to be textualized; on the other hand, there is the truth. Indeed, precisely the truth corresponds to Freud's original insight and was simul- taneously being publicized by an extended juristic-journalistic dragnet: the fact that hysteria consists in having been seduced by a despot. Lucy's sleepwalking does not arise from her own soul, but from her paternal in- heritance. *'The dreams of wolves and the bites from eyeteeth are no fan-
QUEEN'S SACRIFICE 355
s
? tasies; they are the Count's engrams in brain and throat. Whereas Mina types, her friend ends up on the nocturnal side of machine writing. Two tiny bite wounds on the throat materialize Beyerlen's law that eyeteeth or a piece of type, through a single, brief application of pressure, place the entire engram in the proper position on skin or paper. "The spot that should be seen is always visible, except at the moment when visibility is necessary or is believed to be necessary. " For blind acts of writing, only after-the-fact decoding is possible. But someone who, like Lucy's Dutch physician, is deeply immersed in Charcot's theory of hysteria can take the wounds and dreams of a hysteric for the sexuality they signify and hunt down the dream wolf (at the risk of becoming hysterical oneself) by the light of day.
No despot can survive when a whole multimedia system of psycho- analysis and textual technologies goes after him. The special forces have "scientific experience," whereas Dracula has only his "child's brain" with engrams dating back to the battle of Mohacs (1526). "He does have an inkling of the power about to bring him down, for otherwise he would not throw the phonographic rolls and typescripts he finds into the fire. But the hunters have Mina and "thank God there is the other copy in the safe. "" Under the conditions of information technology, the old-European despot disintegrates into the limit value of Brownian motion, which is the noise in all channels. "
AstabtotheheartturnstheUndeadtodust. Dracula'ssalaciouslywhis- pering bride, the resurrected vampire Lucy, is put to death a second time, and finally, on the threshold of his homeland, so is he. A multimedia sys- tem, filmed over twenty times, attacks with typescript copies and tele- grams, newspaper clippings and wax rolls (as these different sorts of dis- courseareneatlylabeled). Thegreatbird nolongerfliesoverTransylvania.
"They pluck in their terror handfuls of plumes from the imperial Eagle, and with no greater credit in consequence than that they face, keeping their equipoise, the awful bloody beak that turns upon them . . . Everyone looks haggard, and our only wonder is that they succeed in looking at all. "'' It is always the same story in the discourse network of 1900. The last lines of Henry James, before the agony began, were pre- served by a typewriter. And the enigma of their meaning is the prehistory of this materiality.
The writer James, famous for his compact yet overarticulated style, turned to dictation before 1900in order to move from style to "free, un- answered speech," thus to "diffusion" or flight of ideas. In 1907Theo- dora Bosanquet, an employee in a London typing service who was at the
? QUEEN'S SACRIFICE 357
time busy typing the Report of the Royal Commission on Coast Erosion, was ordered to report to James, who in the initial interview appeared as a "benevolent Napoleon. " Thus began Bosanquet's "job, as alarming as it was fascinating, of serving as medium between the spoken and machined word. " Alarming, because Bosanquet was of course only the will of the dictator's will, who in his dreams again and again appeared as Napoleon. Fascinating, because she became indispensable: whenever the pink noise of the Remington ceased, James would have no more ideas. "
Gertrude Stein'sdark oracle predicted everything, all of it, even that an oracle was incapable of warning anyone. The writer who engaged a me- dium in 1907 in order to shift his style to "Remingtonese" was felled by a stroke in 1915. Sheer facts of literary history realize an epoch's wildest phantasm. The blood clot in the brain did not deprive James of clear dic- tion, but it did claim all prearranged meanings. Paralysis and asymbolia know only the real. And this real is a machine. The Remington, together with its medium, were ordered to the deathbed in order to take three dic- tations from a delirious brain. Two are composed as if the emperor of the French, that great artist of dictation, had issued and signed them; the third notes that the imperial eagle is bleeding to death and why it is bleeding.
Nothing is more unthinkable, but nothing is clearer: a machine regis- ters itself.
When King David was old and of many days, he asked for a beautiful young woman to warm him. And they gave him Abigail of Sunem. The writer does not ask for Theodora Bosanquet, but for her typewriter. And the queen's sacrifice is complete.
In the discourse network of 1900-this is its open secret-there is no sexual relation between the sexes. Apparent exceptions do not alter the fact. If Maupassant, who probably for the same venereal-opthalmological reasons as Nietzsche occasionally dictated to a secretary, could not re- frain from sleeping with her, it was only as preparation for a full-stage separation comedy. " The comedies of unification, by contrast, are left to the media and their literary ancillary industries. According to a fine taut- ology, men and women, who are linked together by media, come together in media. Thus the entertainment industry daily creates new phantasms out of the open secret of 1900. After Dracula's black heart has bled dry, the powerless hero Harker and his typist are able to have a child after all. As long as there are gramophones and secretaries, every boss and word- smith is smiling.
"My Honey Wants to Take Me Sailing on Sunday," runs a song from 1929, which sings out the industrial secret of its fiction in the first verse.
? Triumend an der Schreibmaschin'
saB die kleine Josephin',
die Sehnsucht des Herzens, die Ghrte die Hand. Der Chef kam und las es und staunte, da stand:
"Am Sonntag will mein S&r
mit mir segeln gehn,
sofern die Winde wehn,
das wir' doch wunderschh!
Am Sonntag will mein SiiRer . . . "
At the typewriter in a dream
There sat little Josephine
Her longing heart played with her hands
The boss came and read it but didn't understand:
"My honey wants to take me sailing on Sunday
we'll sail away
and that will be so lovely! Myhoney wants to take me. .
The Lyre and the Typewn'ter,a 1913 screenplay that was unfortu- nately never filmed, promises to take up Anselmus's and Serpentina's dreams of Atlantis. It is included in Pinthus's Movie Book, and it links movies, the typewriter, and writing in a perfect picture of the times, in which only a gramophone and sound track are lacking. Richard A. Ber- mann's technological Atlantis begins when a swarthy typist comes home from the movies, which she loves to distraction, and tells her boyfriend everything promised in the silent film. The film within the film, however, begins with the opposite: a young writer of verses chews on his pen in vain and tears up sheets of paper after writing one line. "Ce vide papier que sa blancheur defend" inspires writers after Mallarm6 only with the wish to flee? *The writer runs out and is soon following a woman, but she is not one of those who d o it for money, and finally she closes her door in his face. Only then does the sign on her door, her promise, become ~eadable? ~
MINNIE TlPP
Typing Service Transcription of Literary Works
Dictation
. '"?
? QUEEN'S SACRIFICE 359
The writer rings the bell, is admitted, assumes a dictating pose and says: "Miss, I love you! " And Minnie-just like her namesake in Stoker, who also no longer knew anything as private-simply types it out on her ma- chine. " The next day the bill arrives in the mail. When messengers with- out kings and discourse functionaries without bureaucrats transport mes- sages from medium to medium, messages containing meaning o r love d o not arrive. Money, the most annihilating signifier of all, standardizes them. (In 1898 one thousand typed words cost I O Pf. )l'
If this were not enough, Bermann's screenplay stipulates that the typed line "Miss, I love you! " appear on the "white screen. '' Even if the woman had been sitting at a typewriter on which it was not possible to see the typescript, film would make amorous whispering mute, visible, and ridicu- lous. A discourse network of rigorous evidence gathering does not ignore the soul; it confronts it with mechanical devices and women who go to the movies. Bermann's screen reverses Demeny's phonoscope, which combined experimental phonetics and serial photography to divide the two seconds it takes a man's mouth to pronounce the sound series "JE v ous AI ME" into twenty still shots of the mouth's successive positions. 'l
But of course men grow in front of machines. Afterwards, the young writer is able to write poems about his love that Minnie Tipp finds read- able and, through her copies, is able to turn into "several hundred per- fectly transcribed manuscripts," which literary critics can read. With typewritten copy "one secures and increases one's market. "5' Thus the book goes to press and the divinely comic day arrives when the two, the man with the lyre and the woman with the typewriter, "no longer t y ~ e d . " ~E'nd of the film within the film. Francesca and Paolo, Serpentina and Anselmus in the age of the film screen.
The two lovers in the frame story, however, are not brought together. The swarthy movie-goer and typist sees in the film the triumph of the feminine power of reeducation in even the most outdated of male profes- sions. To her friend, who believes in works written with the pen, the story means that the typewriter turns high literature into mass literature and makes women frigid. Whereupon the woman laughs.
Twenty-four years later this laughter will have infected the revue girls who dance across the keyboard of a giant typewriter in Billy Wilder's film
Ready, Willing, and Able.
Yet The Lyle and the Typewriter, a year before it was written, was filmed-in the real. In 1912the writer Kafka met Felice Bauer one eve- ning at the house of Max Brod, immediately after the typist had been granted the head clerkship of her parlograph and dictation-machine firm
? or, in other words, had attained a power opposed to her previous posi- tion: she was allowed to sign Carl Lindstrom A. G. Kafka spent the fol- lowing weeks in his office at a typewriter, which he was not accustomed to use and which he misused to write the initial love letter^. ^' These letters revolve around a spoken word "which so amazed me that I banged the table.
You actually said you enjoyed copying manuscripts, that you had also been copying manuscripts in Berlin for some gentleman (curse the sound of that word when unaccompanied by name and explanation! ) and you asked Max to send you some manuscripts. " "
Thunder and lightning, or the knock on the table. Jealousy of a name- less man in Berlin (who also dictates to Minnie Tipp, to the horror of the film hero),'' jealousy of his friend (whoworked in the telephone division of the Prague Postal Service)-jealousy of the entire media network, then, teaches the writer to love. This means that it is not love at all. Mr. K. and Felice B. (to speak with Freud and MallarmC) will never be a single mummy under happy palms, even if they were only the palms in a library like Lindhorst's.
That evening defies description: Kafka and Brod are going through Kafka's still-unpublished manuscripts and selecting those that will even- tually be published by Rowohlt. Also present is Felice, stopping over dur- ing a trip, who happens to mention that she enjoys typing manuscripts. She omits the fact that such work also pays-which distinguishes her from Minnie Tipp. But Kafka is already burning with love. He is able to type himself; there is even someone in his office whose job is to type for him, and Kafka's "principal task" as well as "happiness" consists "in being able to dictate to a living person. "'* But this functionary is a man and has never declared that Kafka's happiness is his as well. Office work remains the one-sided pleasure of a pervert who, in spite of his bureau- cratic position, constantly reverts to cunning measures ii la George. As Kafka writes to Felice Bauer: "I could never work as independently as you seem to; I slither out of responsibility like a snake; I have to sign many things, but every evaded signature seems like a gain; I also sign everything (though I really shouldn't) with FK only, as though that could exonerate me; for this reason 1 also feel drawn toward the typewriter in anything concerning the office, because its work, especially when exe- cuted at the hands of the typist, is so impersonal. ""
A woman who can type and sign documents is made to order for someone who systematically avoids signatures and yet, when switching from the office to his own desk every evening, is always betrayed by his handwriting. FK's double-entry bookkeeping, which registers the flow of documents in bureaucratic anonymity during the day and in literary man- uscripts during the night, seems to have found a "happy ending. " With a
QUEEN'S SACRIFICE 361
? 362 1900
typist as wife, the unknown writer would have "the operational means of the printing press at his disposal" right at his desk. " It would be literally true that the typewriter "arrives as the liberator of those dedicated to the demanding service of the pen. "6'
But Felice Bauer's self-advertisement (notto say "the sign on her door") is directed to Brod, and the man whose texts she transcribes is a professor in Berlin. Bauer's professional independence does not rule out, but rather stipulates, that her literary taste, such as it is, places any number of writ- ers above Kafka. The gloominess of intransitive writing hardly charms women. The composer of love letters therefore fabricated texts, even with- out Minnie Tipp's adornments, that would be readable, indeed media- appropriatefor typists. As if the feminine power of reeducation had taken root, Kafka showed intense interest in Carl Lindstriim's company cata- logs-because, like a second Wildenbruch, he considered gramophonics "a threat. ''6zAs if subaltern bureaucrats were more independent than fe- male managers, Kafka made plans for a massive media network in the name of that very company. Lindstr6m was to develop parlographs that could be connected to typewriters, to juke boxes, to telephone booths, and finally to that fearful recorder of real data, the gramophone/' This gigantic project could appropriately have been called Project Dracula, and, in the seventy years since it was written down, it has been realized.
But Ms. Bauer (as far as one can judge from her side of the correspon- dence, which was destroyed) did not take up the suggestion.
Dracula appears once more, just where the marriage between the lyre and the typewriter does not take place. "Writing" in Kafka's sense "is a deep sleep, and thus death, and just as one will and cannot pull a dead manoutofhisgrave,soitiswithmeatmydeskatnight. "" Fromthesite of this grave or desk the writer not only fantasized about the massive me- dia network of a company whose strategy was the coupling and mass production of recording devices,"'but he put such a network together, if only by using or misusing available technologies.
For twenty-four weeks he sent up three letters per day, but did not take a train, which would have brought him to Berlin in a couple of hours, and he did not answer the telephone. . . . The correspondenceshows how it is possible to touch, chain, torture, dominate, and destroy another person,simply through the system- atic and total use of the mail and telephone.
First, Kafka established an exact schedule of all mail pick-ups in Prague and of all deliveries in Berlin. Second, he plotted Felice's movements between home and office by the hour, so he would know what time of day she would receive a letter, depending on whether it was addressed to her office or residence. Third, he deter- mined the exact path each letter would take, through which hands it would pass, at home (concierge, mother and sisters of the unfortunate) and at the office (mail- room, orderlies, secretaries). Fourth, he noted the time and distance taken by a
? normal letter on the one hand, and by an express letter on the other. Fifth, he noted the time it would take a telegram to reach her. . . . If one considers that Kafka not only put the words he had just written into envelopes, but also made mysterious references to letters he had written but not sent and likewise stuck in, whenever they fit, recriminations that he had formulated weeks before; if one considers that, in extreme cases, he put the ten to twelve pages of a single letter, written at different times, into as many different envelopes and mailboxes, one must admit that Kafka maximized the dispatch of all modalities and schedules of the mail in order, with this collective firepower, to force Felice to surrender. "
Cournot's brilliant analysis shows that in Kafka's stories the modali- ties of the technological channels of information-cross-talk and delay, networks and noise-levels-served no uncertain purpose. The love letters that Erich Heller celebrates as "the work of an unknown minnesinger from the first half of the twentieth century" break all technical reco~ds. ~' The anonymity of an FK has nothing to do with the namelessness of a minnesinger. It simply makes very clear that no love is to be given to women employed in discursive functions. The concentrated firepower of letters, express mail, and telegrams stands where cultured women or simple feminine readers once would willingly have been all eyes and ears. But the possibility of effortlessly recruiting feminine readers disappears along with the "meaning" that neither the writer Kafka nor the reader Bauer can find in "The Judgment. ""* The reason Rilke distributed his Chicory so awkwardly, by hand, was that no one was asking for it. The fact that Kafka vied for an arbitrary individual with an empty face rather than for a public changes nothing in the lack of demand. Only the dead need technically calculate their love letters.
If writers in the discourse network of 1900are the discarded material that they write down, then nothing can take place beyond writing itself. "I have the definite feeling that through marriage, through the union, through the dissolution of this nothingness that I am, I shall perish. ""' There is no chance on either side of the Kafka-Bauer correspondence of words reaching through to a soul. On one side is writing that occupies the place of madness and incessantly dissolves into its nothingness. "' On the other side, the processing of texts begins, which is no less transitory, only a medium among media.
The Technical Manifesto of Futurist Literature proclaims the motto that masses of molecules and spinning electrons are more exciting than the smile or tears of a woman (di una Rilke reported that one woman identified his cranial-suture-phonographic expansion of the five senses with "presence of mind and grace of love. " The writer, however, disagreed. Love "would not serve the poet, for individual variety must be
QUEEN'S SACRIFICE 363
? constantly present to him, he is compelled to use the sense sectors to their full e~tent. "'T~hat means, as in Kafka's letter strategies and plans for the Lindstrijm company, the creation of unheard-of media-network connec- tions, such as those between coronal sutures and writing.
At the same time, the media-network amateurs Rilke and Kafka still politely formulated their queen's sacrifice: in gentle qualifications and love letters that were machine written and thus not love letters. But the expressionists had bad manners. "Get out with your love! " cries Ehren- stein's Tubutsch. -' Doblin demanded, in a single sentence, "the self-loss [Entselbstung],the exteriorization of the author" and the end of literary "eroticism. " The dissolution of the function of authorship drove all love out of books: love described as well as the constitutive love that joined the Poet and feminine readers in empathy. Material equality on paper guar- antees quite "naturally" that "the novel has as little to do with love as painting has to do with man or woman. "" When the imagination and "feeling" no longer react, then "love, woman, and so on" disappear from "a literature for discriminating bachelors. ""
So much for programmatic declarations from the founding period. To conclude, consider later, confirming evidence from two exact literary his- torians, who have registered the central fact and its preconditions. Benn and Valery demonstrate in theory and practice that the new order of things, founded by the typewriter, is the space of contemporary writing. "Circa 1900,"the union of love disappears from paper.
Art is a truth that does not yet exist. In the most significant novels since rqoo, women are ranged in categories: in the ethnic-geographic (Conrad), the artistic (DieGottinnen),and the aesthetic (Dorian Gray). In part they are brought in aphoristically, serving a purpose of ovation and reminiscence rather than deter- mining structure, and thus speaking a foreign language: in The Magic Mountain. In the most serious instance, love is a test faced by a newly developing typological principle. '*
Taking stock of things in this way has consequences for paper itself.
A celebration for Dionysus, for wine rather than corn, for Bacchus rather than Demeter, for phallic congestion rather than the nine-month's magic, for the apho- rism rather than the historical novel! One has worked on a piece, with paper and typewriter,thoughts, sentences,itsitsonthedesk. Onereturnsfromotherspheres, from acquaintances, professional circles, overloadings of the brain with circum- stances, overflows, repressions of every flight and dream-after hours of it one returns and sees the white streaks on the desk. What is it? A lifeless something, vague worlds, something painfully, effortfully put together, thought together, grouped, tested, improved, a pathetic remainder, loose, unproven, weak-tinder, decadent nothing. The whole of it an absurdity, an illness of the race, a black mark, a confusion of all relation? There comes Pallas, unerring, always with the helmet, never fertile, the slim childless goddess, born of her father, sexless. '-
? A literature that only arranges women and even despises the Woman or Mother, a literature for discriminating bachelors, has bitter need of a Pallas as tutelary goddess. Whatever bachelor machines produce with "paper and typewriter" remains refuse as long as there is no one to clean up the desk and magically transform refuse into art.
Little has changed, then, since the days of Nietzsche. In a typewritten letter to Overbeck, the half-blind man complains that his Malling Hansen is as "skittish as a young dog," and makes for "little entertainment" and "much trouble. " He is looking for young people to relieve his writing difficulties and would "for this purpose even agree to a two-year mar- riage. "-n Benn realized Nietzsche's subjunctive in his "marriage of com- radeship. "" In 1937, six years before the panegyric for the virginal Athena, a longtime woman friend of Benn's received a letter concerning his marriage plans: it clearly lays out the code for Pullas.
So a little relationship has developed here; it brings some warmth and illumina- tion into my existence and I intend to nourish it. Just sothat you know. There are, first, extemal reasons. Outwardly I'm completely falling apart. Things broken down, a mess everywhere, unfinished letters. . . . The bed sheets are torn up; the bed lies unmade all week; I have to do my own shopping. Heating also, some- times. I don't answer letters anymore because I have no one to write for me. I can't work because I have no time, peace, and no one to take dictation. I make coffee at 3:30 in the afternoon, and that's the one event of my life. At 9 in the evening I go to bed and that's the other. Like a beast. . . .
Nonetheless, I must make another attempt to construct a serious human rela- tionship and with its help try to pull myself out of this mire. Morchen, 1'11 tell you everything, but only you. And now if I tell you what sort of person this is, the one who will probably become unhappy, you'll probably be surprised.
Quite a bit younger than 1 am, just thirty years old. Not at all attractive like Elida and Elisabeth Arden. Very good figure, but the face is negroid. From a very good family. No money. Job similar to that of Helga, well paid, types zoo syl- lables, an expert typist. By our standards. that is, by the standards of o u r genera- tion, uneducated. ""
The end of love does not exclude, it includes marriage. Literary uti- lizers of discarded material are educated, but unable to straighten out the discarded files known as their desks. Thus they marry women who, like Felice Bauer, are neither beautiful nor educated, but who with their zoo typewritten syllables per minute are nearly record-setters. "'The name of the Pallas who comes to rescue and redeem the decadent paper tinder on the desk could be, rather than Herta von Wedemeyer, Minnie Tipp. For the helmet she never lays aside is her machine, which takes dictation. This is the way that pathetic remainders, loose, unproven, weak, which lie on the desk like white streaks, become a truth that does not yet exist- become art.
In 1916 ValCry noted: "Love is, no doubt, worth making. . . but as an
QUEEN'S SACRIFICE 365
? 366 1900
occupation of the intellect, as a subject of novels and studies, it is tradi- tional and tedious. "nzIn 1940,between Benn's marriage of comradeship and Pallas, Valiry put his literary-historical statement to the test: he wrote 'MyFaust. ' Whereas the second half of the dramatic fragment in- troduces a nameless Nietzsche, who greets Goethe's hero as "trash" and discards him as trash, the first half revolves around a Demoiselle Luste. This pretty person with the pretty name is as able as the hermit of Sils to characterize the irretrievable past of German Poetry. Only Mephisto, who still thinks in terms of major, decisive actions, of Spirit and Nature, can imagine that Faust loves the Demoiselle. But the devil is just a poor devil and, like Dracula, brainless. The developments of modem science and technology have passed him by. " Faust, by contrast, stands at the height of an experiment that, as the "rediscovery of ancient chaos in the body," makes all discourses into secondary phenomena. Therefore his re- lationship to Luste cannot be love, but only an experiment in media
connection.
Me, ValPry, the books: let us sum it all up.
First Faust reads everything that has been written about him in litera-
ture and interpretation. He begins with an autobibliographical exhaus- tion, whose completeness, however, cannot be guaranteed. The second step is to transfer everything that has been stored into a discourse net- work called the Mhoires. Here are the title and the opening sentences.
"The Memoirs of My Self, by Professor Doctor Faustus, Member of the Academy of Dead Sciences, etc. . . . Hero of several literary works of repute. . . " So much has been written about me that I no longer know who I am. True, I have not read all the many works in question, and doubtless there are many more than one whose existence has not been made known to me. But those with which I am acquainted are enough to give me a singularly rich and complex idea of myself and my destiny. Thus I can choose freely among a variety of dates and places for my birth, all equally attested by irrefutable documents and proofs, put forth and discussed by critics of equal eminence. *'
The memoirs of the classical founding hero exceed the discourse network he inaugurated. As the rules stipulate, an author has arisen in the media network of poetic works and interpretations, and that author has all the attributes of literary fame. But precisely for that reason, mathematical combinatorics replaces the organic autobiography. Countless books about books about Faust cancel one another out. What remains is white noise, from which the memoir writer can extract arbitrary selections. Whoever no longer knows who he is and writes his memoirs with the declared in- tention of disappearing as an I is no longer an author.
Faust, having become the empty intersection of countless discourses, rescinds Goethe's Poetty and Truth. This means that, practically speak-
? ing, he dictates other things and otherwise than the Ur-author did. John, Johann Christian Schuchardt, Friedrich Theodor Kriiuter, Johann Peter Eckermann, Friedrich Wilhelm Riemer, or even Geist-so runs the list of the names of men who would have been able to sign Goethe's truths and fictions if the rules in operation had been those of the materiality of writ- ing rather than the Discourse of the Master. Male secretaries were on the one side, and on the other were first a mother, who could hardly write one word correctly, then a wife, who provided for Goethe's "domestic peace and marital happiness" simply by never desiring "fame as a woman writer" and properly eschewing any "mixing in official and literary mat- ters. "*'Such were the parameters of a practice of writing, which led to the conception of an ideal in feminine form, or in the form of a woman. To dictate to the subaltern men present what the One, Only, and Absent Feminine has whispered-writing Poetry is nothing else. Even when Pro- fessor Abnossah Pschorr, one hundred years later, built his phonograph in the study of the Goethe House, the roll still registered men's voices: the Author as he whispers his words of wisdom to Eckermann. n6
Valery's 'MyFuust' is a systematic reversal of all classical writing prac- tices. He too dictates, but not as a bureaucrat who ends up with the state- supporting pact of his own signature. "The mere fact of knowing how to sign my name cost me dear once"-thus "I never write now,""- but in- stead he dictates toward the vanishing point designated by Kafka's avoid- ance of the signature. These dictations doubly oppose the Goethean vari- ety. First, they set no life or ideal of woman into writing, but only the sentences that poets and interpreters have written about an impossible real. Second, this book of books is being written by a woman, not a man. The fact that Demoiselle Luste has been with Faust for eight days is simply explained by her taking dictation. Mephisto can suspect whatever he likes, but what takes place at the end of the idea of Faust is a bargain sale of all poetic-hermeneutic discourse to a woman's ear. The ear is small and magical, as one could have predicted of an admirer of Nietzsche and Mallarme, and it is by no means there to understand anything. " Luste's ear is to take dictation with phonographic accuracy, clean off what was dictated at the beginning of the next day, and otherwise, otherwise be a not unattractive sight for the flight of ideas. "
Luste, a second Pallas, brings order into the combinatory chaos of the last Faust. The writer of the memoir neither has nor desires to have an overview of a life that too many books have described. With or without the help of the devil, who once in a while brings by an insidious text, his desk is a heap of refuse. But there is Luste, that is, the "modest but honor- able part of the thing that discreetly helps to oil the machinery of your thought. "" A woman who knows nothing of the thought or life of the
QUEEN'S SACRIFICE 367
? 368 1900
one who dictates takes up the chaos of memoirs with clever ears and crys- talline logic. That is why Faust hired her. For phonographic accuracy means doing away with the constitutive repressions in discourses. When Faust for once is not interested in dictating and instead talks about the evening sun and his desire for a little flirtation, Luste, just like Minnie, puts that too onto the mute page. When he risks a physiological defini- tion of laughter, which (as abstraction or parapraxis) applies just as well to orgasm, Luste responds with an endless laugh. When in his finest philo- sophical style he styles his "relations with men and things" as the theme of the memoirs, Luste questions the ambiguous word men,and Faust must be more specific and add that he also had dealings with women. Thus the simple presence of a secretary decomposes the unity of mankind and leaves everywhere only twodivided sexes. Faust can no longer play Fichte-Schelling-Luden's representative of all mankind because his words strike a clever woman's ear.
"Ladies and Gentlemen"-so begins the Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, delivered at the University of Vienna during the winter semesters from 1915 to 1917. A discourse based on women's discourse can and must, even under academic conditions, return to women. This distinguishes it from the Discourse of the University, which from I 800 on systematically excluded women so that countless bureaucrats could con- duct their dance around the alma mater. Only a Great Mother could make possible the hero so necessary for subjects of the university to utter any knowledge: the author. I6 A masculine discourse on and from the Mother fed university discourse, just as hysteric discourse fed psychoana- lytic discourse. In 1897, immediately before the only university reform that has ever been worthy of the name, when Arthur Kirchhoff gathered his judgments of Prominent University Professors, Teachers,and Writers on the Aptirude of Women for University Study, the university subject Dr. Hajim Steinthal opined that women should not attend the university, for "in the uncertain hope of producing another Goethe, I could only re- gret the certainty of losing a mother-of-Goethe. " "
Lectures to "Ladies and Gentlemen" thus eliminate, along with "Frau Rat," the necessary preconditions of authorship, even if they produce a great many women writers and analysts. Either there is an alma mater on one side and on the other young men to whom (excluding such impos- sible women as Giinderode) an authorial God's Kingdom is revealed, or the whole interpreter's game between man and the world comes apart. If man and woman, author and mother, can no longer be added up-and the synthesis of form and matter, spirit and world, was man in a psycho- logical sense and the world in a philosophical sense-it was because on August I 8, 1908, a forty-year war for the admission of women to univer-
? sities finally led to victory, even in Prussia. It then became impossible to lead male and only male students around by the nose in the Faustian manner-during the lectures they had so many Cleopatra's noses right before their eyes.
The university reform was a radical turning point in the relationship between sexuality and truth. What disappeared was "the particular char- acter of German students" and that "unbridled student atmosphere" known from the Auerbach's Keller (in Goethe's Fuust). For the first time, women talked about sexuality and thus "cast off the ideal that Germans fortunately still demand from a woman. "'n In other words, only Eve or the One Woman can satisfy the desires of professors and male students, whereas the plurality of women students enter a domain of discourse that, since Edison, no longer knows love. "Having both sexes in the class- room" necessarily means "putting no emphasis whatsoever on sexual dif- ference" and "confronting the phenomena of intellectual-historical life soberly and objectively" rather than in fantasies of love. I9
No sooner said than done. Immediately before he delivers the good news to the ladies among the ladies and gentlemen present that, anatomi- cally, they also have a phallus, and that in dreams they have the symbols wood, paper, and books, Freud states that he owes an account of his treatment of primary sexual characteristics. zoHis response matches the principles of coeducation just cited. "As there can be n o science in u s ~ m Delphzni, there can be none for schoolgirls; and the ladies among you have made it clear by their presence in this lecture-room that they wish to be treated on an equality with men. ""
Now that is equal rights. Nothing stands in the way of writing for women, who, first, have a phallus or stylus and who, second, are wood, paper, or books-least of all a determination of the human race that dif- ferentiated authors as engravers and women as the writing tablets of na- ture. If both sexes can be found on both sides of the difference, they are ready for a writing apparatus that can d o without a subject and a stylus. There was a time when needles in the hands of women wove cloth, when pens in the hands of authors wove another cloth called text. But that time is past. "Machines everywhere, wherever one looks! There is a replace- ment for the countless tasks that man performed with an able hand, a replacement and one with such power and speed. . . . It was only to be expected that after the engineer had taken the very symbol of feminine skill out of women's hands a colleague would come up with the idea of replacing the pen as well, the symbol of masculine intellectual produc- tion, with a machine. ""
Machines do away with polar sexual difference and its symbols. An apparatusthat can replace Man or the symbol of masculine production is
QUEEN'S SACRIFICE 35I
? also accessible to women. Apart from Freud, it was Remington who "granted the female sex access to the office. "z'A writing apparatus that does not represent an erotic union of script and voice, Anselmus and Ser- pentina, Spirit and Nature, is made to order for coeducational purposes. The typewriter brought about (Foucault's Order of Things overlooks such trivialities) "a completely new order of things. ""
Whereas the first generation of women students, described in Mari- anne Weber's The Changing Image of University Women, "consciously renounced the garland of feminine grace," another type soon appeared. This type discovered "an infinite variety of new kinds of human contact in the previously unavailable possibilities of intellectual exchange with young men: comradeship, friendship, love. " Unsurprisingly, this type also "finds ready encouragement from most professors. " Mrs. Forster- Nietzsche was told by a professor in Zurich that "the emancipated women of the earlier period are gradually becoming more charming," and they "are highly valued as secretaries and assistants at universities and librar- ies. "l" She could have heard the same thing from an ex-professor of Basel who went half-blind and had to alternate between using secretaries and typewriters.
"It is better to become the amanuensis of a scholar than to d o scientific work at one's own cost"-such was Ellen Key's advice to working women. z-They found a place in the university mid-way between being slaves at the typewriter and research assistants. As the example of Felice Bauer shows, the situation was the same in office work. Employed by a firm that happened to manufacture phonographs, Kafka's fiancee was promoted from a secretarial to a managerial position in just a few years, simply because she was a good typist. Certainly "office work, whether keeping the books, handling accounts, or typing, gives a woman little op- portunity to make her special, most characteristic contribution. "znYet despite or because of this The Entrance of Women into Male Professions, as one title put it, occurred in the field of text production. Women have the admirable ability "to sink to the level of mere writing machines. " Whereas men, with the commendable exception of a writers' elite and the Stefan George script, continued to depend on their classically formed handwriting and thereby blindly, without resistance, left a market posi- tion unoccupied, young women "with the worst handwriting" advanced "to operating a typewriter"-as if, from the pedagogue's point of view, "one were building a church tower in thin air, having forgotten the foun- dation walls. "zv
That is just it. Foundation walls no longer count. Remington typewrit- ers turned the systematic handicap of women, their insufficient education, into a historical opportunity. The sales division of the firm just cited had
? only to discover, in I 88 I , the masses of unemployed women-and out of an unprofitable innovation came the typewriter as mass-produced prod- uct. '' A two-week intensive course with a rented typewriter made the long classical education required for the secretary Anselmus and his fun- damentally male colleagues in the nineteenth century unnecessary. "The so-called 'emancipation' of women"" was their taking hold of the ma- chine that did away with pedagogical authority over discourse. Office work, in Germany and elsewhere, became the front line in the war be- tween the sexes because it was "not a profession protected by entrance and selective examinations. "
Jonathan Harker, a lawyer in an English notary office, keeps a diary while traveling to Transylvania with documents to be delivered to Count Dracula. The notebook is his salvation from the strange pleasures that
QUEEN'S SACRIFICE 353
? overcome the Count night after night. Harker, like Brigge, Ronne, Lauda, and all the others, notes: "As I must do something or go mad, 1write this diary. " " Harker has learned stenography, but even so notebook writers still gain identifiability, coherence, and thus individuality from their handwriting.
Meanwhile Harker's fianc6e sits longingly at the typewriter back in Exeter. Whereas her betrothed will one day simply inherit the notary practice on the death of his employer, Mina Murray is sorely in need of new discursive technologies. She is an assistant schoolmistress but, not content with pedagogic half-emancipation, she dreams of doing "what 1 see lady journalists do. " So she diligently practices typing and stenogra- phy in order to be able "to take down what he wants to say" after her marriage to J ~ n a t h a n . 'H~owever (as Lily Braun had so rightly seen), the "disintegration of the old family structure" sets in "precisely where one thought oneself quite conservative":" for office girls, even if they have other dreams, there is no "return to any sort of position in the family. "%
The typewriter and officetechnology can never be contained in the closed space of motherhood. Their function is always that of the interface be- tween branching and specified streams of data. This becomes clear as Stoker's novel develops.
Instead of simply taking dictation from Jonathan, now her husband, Mina Harker is forced to become the central relay station of an immense information network. For the Count has arrived secretly in England and is leaving scattered and fearful signs of his presence. One is a madman in whose brain the psychiatrist, Dr. Seward, discovers new and dreadful nerve paths; he immediately has the verbal traces of these paths spoken into his phonograph. Another is Mina's friend, Lucy Westenra; two small wounds appear on her throat and she becomes increasingly somnam- bulant, anemic, and (to put it briefly) hysterical. Finally, there is a Dutch physician, who "has revolutionized therapeutics by his discovery of the continuous evolution of brain-matter. "'- This allows him to discover what is actually behind the scattered evidence of the horror. But his in- sight would remain a gray theory of vampirism if Mina Harker did not undertake the task of exhaustive evidence gathering. She who dreamed of doing what she saw lady journalists do uses her typewriter to transcribe every diary entry, every phonograph roll, every relevant newspaper clip- ping and telegram, every document and log book. She makes copies of her transcriptions; she delivers these daily to all the investigators, and so on and on. "
The Count, had he any idea of what was occurring, might have ex- claimed in the words of Schreber: "For years they have been keeping books01other notations, in which all my thoughts, my verbal expres-
? sions, my personal articles, all objects in my possession or anywhere near me, all people I come into contact with, etc. , are written down. "
It is not always easy for a woman to incorporate into a text every shred of evidence of a perverse desire. Seward's (not to say Stransky's) phono- graphic roll turns faster than a typist's hands would like. The "wonderful machine" is also so "cruelly true" that the transcribing Mina perceives the beating of tormented hearts "in its very tones. " ' But a discourse func- tionary does not give in, simply because she has become a discourse func- tionary. Her friend, however, like so many hysterics since Eugene Azam and Richard Wagner, suddenly manifests a second personality at night: while still wretched and docile, she refuses medication, draws her gums back from her eyeteeth, and speaks in an uncharacteristically soft, sala- cious voice. It is as if Kundry in the first act of Pursiful had become Kun- dry in the magic garden.
"What does a woman want? " In the discourse network of 1900 the alternatives are no longer motherhood or hysteria, but the machine or destruction. Mina Harker types, whereas Lucy Westenra's second per- sonality is the will willed by a despotic signifier. On the one hand, a de- sexualization permits the most intimate diaries and most perverse sexu- alities to be textualized; on the other hand, there is the truth. Indeed, precisely the truth corresponds to Freud's original insight and was simul- taneously being publicized by an extended juristic-journalistic dragnet: the fact that hysteria consists in having been seduced by a despot. Lucy's sleepwalking does not arise from her own soul, but from her paternal in- heritance. *'The dreams of wolves and the bites from eyeteeth are no fan-
QUEEN'S SACRIFICE 355
s
? tasies; they are the Count's engrams in brain and throat. Whereas Mina types, her friend ends up on the nocturnal side of machine writing. Two tiny bite wounds on the throat materialize Beyerlen's law that eyeteeth or a piece of type, through a single, brief application of pressure, place the entire engram in the proper position on skin or paper. "The spot that should be seen is always visible, except at the moment when visibility is necessary or is believed to be necessary. " For blind acts of writing, only after-the-fact decoding is possible. But someone who, like Lucy's Dutch physician, is deeply immersed in Charcot's theory of hysteria can take the wounds and dreams of a hysteric for the sexuality they signify and hunt down the dream wolf (at the risk of becoming hysterical oneself) by the light of day.
No despot can survive when a whole multimedia system of psycho- analysis and textual technologies goes after him. The special forces have "scientific experience," whereas Dracula has only his "child's brain" with engrams dating back to the battle of Mohacs (1526). "He does have an inkling of the power about to bring him down, for otherwise he would not throw the phonographic rolls and typescripts he finds into the fire. But the hunters have Mina and "thank God there is the other copy in the safe. "" Under the conditions of information technology, the old-European despot disintegrates into the limit value of Brownian motion, which is the noise in all channels. "
AstabtotheheartturnstheUndeadtodust. Dracula'ssalaciouslywhis- pering bride, the resurrected vampire Lucy, is put to death a second time, and finally, on the threshold of his homeland, so is he. A multimedia sys- tem, filmed over twenty times, attacks with typescript copies and tele- grams, newspaper clippings and wax rolls (as these different sorts of dis- courseareneatlylabeled). Thegreatbird nolongerfliesoverTransylvania.
"They pluck in their terror handfuls of plumes from the imperial Eagle, and with no greater credit in consequence than that they face, keeping their equipoise, the awful bloody beak that turns upon them . . . Everyone looks haggard, and our only wonder is that they succeed in looking at all. "'' It is always the same story in the discourse network of 1900. The last lines of Henry James, before the agony began, were pre- served by a typewriter. And the enigma of their meaning is the prehistory of this materiality.
The writer James, famous for his compact yet overarticulated style, turned to dictation before 1900in order to move from style to "free, un- answered speech," thus to "diffusion" or flight of ideas. In 1907Theo- dora Bosanquet, an employee in a London typing service who was at the
? QUEEN'S SACRIFICE 357
time busy typing the Report of the Royal Commission on Coast Erosion, was ordered to report to James, who in the initial interview appeared as a "benevolent Napoleon. " Thus began Bosanquet's "job, as alarming as it was fascinating, of serving as medium between the spoken and machined word. " Alarming, because Bosanquet was of course only the will of the dictator's will, who in his dreams again and again appeared as Napoleon. Fascinating, because she became indispensable: whenever the pink noise of the Remington ceased, James would have no more ideas. "
Gertrude Stein'sdark oracle predicted everything, all of it, even that an oracle was incapable of warning anyone. The writer who engaged a me- dium in 1907 in order to shift his style to "Remingtonese" was felled by a stroke in 1915. Sheer facts of literary history realize an epoch's wildest phantasm. The blood clot in the brain did not deprive James of clear dic- tion, but it did claim all prearranged meanings. Paralysis and asymbolia know only the real. And this real is a machine. The Remington, together with its medium, were ordered to the deathbed in order to take three dic- tations from a delirious brain. Two are composed as if the emperor of the French, that great artist of dictation, had issued and signed them; the third notes that the imperial eagle is bleeding to death and why it is bleeding.
Nothing is more unthinkable, but nothing is clearer: a machine regis- ters itself.
When King David was old and of many days, he asked for a beautiful young woman to warm him. And they gave him Abigail of Sunem. The writer does not ask for Theodora Bosanquet, but for her typewriter. And the queen's sacrifice is complete.
In the discourse network of 1900-this is its open secret-there is no sexual relation between the sexes. Apparent exceptions do not alter the fact. If Maupassant, who probably for the same venereal-opthalmological reasons as Nietzsche occasionally dictated to a secretary, could not re- frain from sleeping with her, it was only as preparation for a full-stage separation comedy. " The comedies of unification, by contrast, are left to the media and their literary ancillary industries. According to a fine taut- ology, men and women, who are linked together by media, come together in media. Thus the entertainment industry daily creates new phantasms out of the open secret of 1900. After Dracula's black heart has bled dry, the powerless hero Harker and his typist are able to have a child after all. As long as there are gramophones and secretaries, every boss and word- smith is smiling.
"My Honey Wants to Take Me Sailing on Sunday," runs a song from 1929, which sings out the industrial secret of its fiction in the first verse.
? Triumend an der Schreibmaschin'
saB die kleine Josephin',
die Sehnsucht des Herzens, die Ghrte die Hand. Der Chef kam und las es und staunte, da stand:
"Am Sonntag will mein S&r
mit mir segeln gehn,
sofern die Winde wehn,
das wir' doch wunderschh!
Am Sonntag will mein SiiRer . . . "
At the typewriter in a dream
There sat little Josephine
Her longing heart played with her hands
The boss came and read it but didn't understand:
"My honey wants to take me sailing on Sunday
we'll sail away
and that will be so lovely! Myhoney wants to take me. .
The Lyre and the Typewn'ter,a 1913 screenplay that was unfortu- nately never filmed, promises to take up Anselmus's and Serpentina's dreams of Atlantis. It is included in Pinthus's Movie Book, and it links movies, the typewriter, and writing in a perfect picture of the times, in which only a gramophone and sound track are lacking. Richard A. Ber- mann's technological Atlantis begins when a swarthy typist comes home from the movies, which she loves to distraction, and tells her boyfriend everything promised in the silent film. The film within the film, however, begins with the opposite: a young writer of verses chews on his pen in vain and tears up sheets of paper after writing one line. "Ce vide papier que sa blancheur defend" inspires writers after Mallarm6 only with the wish to flee? *The writer runs out and is soon following a woman, but she is not one of those who d o it for money, and finally she closes her door in his face. Only then does the sign on her door, her promise, become ~eadable? ~
MINNIE TlPP
Typing Service Transcription of Literary Works
Dictation
. '"?
? QUEEN'S SACRIFICE 359
The writer rings the bell, is admitted, assumes a dictating pose and says: "Miss, I love you! " And Minnie-just like her namesake in Stoker, who also no longer knew anything as private-simply types it out on her ma- chine. " The next day the bill arrives in the mail. When messengers with- out kings and discourse functionaries without bureaucrats transport mes- sages from medium to medium, messages containing meaning o r love d o not arrive. Money, the most annihilating signifier of all, standardizes them. (In 1898 one thousand typed words cost I O Pf. )l'
If this were not enough, Bermann's screenplay stipulates that the typed line "Miss, I love you! " appear on the "white screen. '' Even if the woman had been sitting at a typewriter on which it was not possible to see the typescript, film would make amorous whispering mute, visible, and ridicu- lous. A discourse network of rigorous evidence gathering does not ignore the soul; it confronts it with mechanical devices and women who go to the movies. Bermann's screen reverses Demeny's phonoscope, which combined experimental phonetics and serial photography to divide the two seconds it takes a man's mouth to pronounce the sound series "JE v ous AI ME" into twenty still shots of the mouth's successive positions. 'l
But of course men grow in front of machines. Afterwards, the young writer is able to write poems about his love that Minnie Tipp finds read- able and, through her copies, is able to turn into "several hundred per- fectly transcribed manuscripts," which literary critics can read. With typewritten copy "one secures and increases one's market. "5' Thus the book goes to press and the divinely comic day arrives when the two, the man with the lyre and the woman with the typewriter, "no longer t y ~ e d . " ~E'nd of the film within the film. Francesca and Paolo, Serpentina and Anselmus in the age of the film screen.
The two lovers in the frame story, however, are not brought together. The swarthy movie-goer and typist sees in the film the triumph of the feminine power of reeducation in even the most outdated of male profes- sions. To her friend, who believes in works written with the pen, the story means that the typewriter turns high literature into mass literature and makes women frigid. Whereupon the woman laughs.
Twenty-four years later this laughter will have infected the revue girls who dance across the keyboard of a giant typewriter in Billy Wilder's film
Ready, Willing, and Able.
Yet The Lyle and the Typewriter, a year before it was written, was filmed-in the real. In 1912the writer Kafka met Felice Bauer one eve- ning at the house of Max Brod, immediately after the typist had been granted the head clerkship of her parlograph and dictation-machine firm
? or, in other words, had attained a power opposed to her previous posi- tion: she was allowed to sign Carl Lindstrom A. G. Kafka spent the fol- lowing weeks in his office at a typewriter, which he was not accustomed to use and which he misused to write the initial love letter^. ^' These letters revolve around a spoken word "which so amazed me that I banged the table.
You actually said you enjoyed copying manuscripts, that you had also been copying manuscripts in Berlin for some gentleman (curse the sound of that word when unaccompanied by name and explanation! ) and you asked Max to send you some manuscripts. " "
Thunder and lightning, or the knock on the table. Jealousy of a name- less man in Berlin (who also dictates to Minnie Tipp, to the horror of the film hero),'' jealousy of his friend (whoworked in the telephone division of the Prague Postal Service)-jealousy of the entire media network, then, teaches the writer to love. This means that it is not love at all. Mr. K. and Felice B. (to speak with Freud and MallarmC) will never be a single mummy under happy palms, even if they were only the palms in a library like Lindhorst's.
That evening defies description: Kafka and Brod are going through Kafka's still-unpublished manuscripts and selecting those that will even- tually be published by Rowohlt. Also present is Felice, stopping over dur- ing a trip, who happens to mention that she enjoys typing manuscripts. She omits the fact that such work also pays-which distinguishes her from Minnie Tipp. But Kafka is already burning with love. He is able to type himself; there is even someone in his office whose job is to type for him, and Kafka's "principal task" as well as "happiness" consists "in being able to dictate to a living person. "'* But this functionary is a man and has never declared that Kafka's happiness is his as well. Office work remains the one-sided pleasure of a pervert who, in spite of his bureau- cratic position, constantly reverts to cunning measures ii la George. As Kafka writes to Felice Bauer: "I could never work as independently as you seem to; I slither out of responsibility like a snake; I have to sign many things, but every evaded signature seems like a gain; I also sign everything (though I really shouldn't) with FK only, as though that could exonerate me; for this reason 1 also feel drawn toward the typewriter in anything concerning the office, because its work, especially when exe- cuted at the hands of the typist, is so impersonal. ""
A woman who can type and sign documents is made to order for someone who systematically avoids signatures and yet, when switching from the office to his own desk every evening, is always betrayed by his handwriting. FK's double-entry bookkeeping, which registers the flow of documents in bureaucratic anonymity during the day and in literary man- uscripts during the night, seems to have found a "happy ending. " With a
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typist as wife, the unknown writer would have "the operational means of the printing press at his disposal" right at his desk. " It would be literally true that the typewriter "arrives as the liberator of those dedicated to the demanding service of the pen. "6'
But Felice Bauer's self-advertisement (notto say "the sign on her door") is directed to Brod, and the man whose texts she transcribes is a professor in Berlin. Bauer's professional independence does not rule out, but rather stipulates, that her literary taste, such as it is, places any number of writ- ers above Kafka. The gloominess of intransitive writing hardly charms women. The composer of love letters therefore fabricated texts, even with- out Minnie Tipp's adornments, that would be readable, indeed media- appropriatefor typists. As if the feminine power of reeducation had taken root, Kafka showed intense interest in Carl Lindstriim's company cata- logs-because, like a second Wildenbruch, he considered gramophonics "a threat. ''6zAs if subaltern bureaucrats were more independent than fe- male managers, Kafka made plans for a massive media network in the name of that very company. Lindstr6m was to develop parlographs that could be connected to typewriters, to juke boxes, to telephone booths, and finally to that fearful recorder of real data, the gramophone/' This gigantic project could appropriately have been called Project Dracula, and, in the seventy years since it was written down, it has been realized.
But Ms. Bauer (as far as one can judge from her side of the correspon- dence, which was destroyed) did not take up the suggestion.
Dracula appears once more, just where the marriage between the lyre and the typewriter does not take place. "Writing" in Kafka's sense "is a deep sleep, and thus death, and just as one will and cannot pull a dead manoutofhisgrave,soitiswithmeatmydeskatnight. "" Fromthesite of this grave or desk the writer not only fantasized about the massive me- dia network of a company whose strategy was the coupling and mass production of recording devices,"'but he put such a network together, if only by using or misusing available technologies.
For twenty-four weeks he sent up three letters per day, but did not take a train, which would have brought him to Berlin in a couple of hours, and he did not answer the telephone. . . . The correspondenceshows how it is possible to touch, chain, torture, dominate, and destroy another person,simply through the system- atic and total use of the mail and telephone.
First, Kafka established an exact schedule of all mail pick-ups in Prague and of all deliveries in Berlin. Second, he plotted Felice's movements between home and office by the hour, so he would know what time of day she would receive a letter, depending on whether it was addressed to her office or residence. Third, he deter- mined the exact path each letter would take, through which hands it would pass, at home (concierge, mother and sisters of the unfortunate) and at the office (mail- room, orderlies, secretaries). Fourth, he noted the time and distance taken by a
? normal letter on the one hand, and by an express letter on the other. Fifth, he noted the time it would take a telegram to reach her. . . . If one considers that Kafka not only put the words he had just written into envelopes, but also made mysterious references to letters he had written but not sent and likewise stuck in, whenever they fit, recriminations that he had formulated weeks before; if one considers that, in extreme cases, he put the ten to twelve pages of a single letter, written at different times, into as many different envelopes and mailboxes, one must admit that Kafka maximized the dispatch of all modalities and schedules of the mail in order, with this collective firepower, to force Felice to surrender. "
Cournot's brilliant analysis shows that in Kafka's stories the modali- ties of the technological channels of information-cross-talk and delay, networks and noise-levels-served no uncertain purpose. The love letters that Erich Heller celebrates as "the work of an unknown minnesinger from the first half of the twentieth century" break all technical reco~ds. ~' The anonymity of an FK has nothing to do with the namelessness of a minnesinger. It simply makes very clear that no love is to be given to women employed in discursive functions. The concentrated firepower of letters, express mail, and telegrams stands where cultured women or simple feminine readers once would willingly have been all eyes and ears. But the possibility of effortlessly recruiting feminine readers disappears along with the "meaning" that neither the writer Kafka nor the reader Bauer can find in "The Judgment. ""* The reason Rilke distributed his Chicory so awkwardly, by hand, was that no one was asking for it. The fact that Kafka vied for an arbitrary individual with an empty face rather than for a public changes nothing in the lack of demand. Only the dead need technically calculate their love letters.
If writers in the discourse network of 1900are the discarded material that they write down, then nothing can take place beyond writing itself. "I have the definite feeling that through marriage, through the union, through the dissolution of this nothingness that I am, I shall perish. ""' There is no chance on either side of the Kafka-Bauer correspondence of words reaching through to a soul. On one side is writing that occupies the place of madness and incessantly dissolves into its nothingness. "' On the other side, the processing of texts begins, which is no less transitory, only a medium among media.
The Technical Manifesto of Futurist Literature proclaims the motto that masses of molecules and spinning electrons are more exciting than the smile or tears of a woman (di una Rilke reported that one woman identified his cranial-suture-phonographic expansion of the five senses with "presence of mind and grace of love. " The writer, however, disagreed. Love "would not serve the poet, for individual variety must be
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? constantly present to him, he is compelled to use the sense sectors to their full e~tent. "'T~hat means, as in Kafka's letter strategies and plans for the Lindstrijm company, the creation of unheard-of media-network connec- tions, such as those between coronal sutures and writing.
At the same time, the media-network amateurs Rilke and Kafka still politely formulated their queen's sacrifice: in gentle qualifications and love letters that were machine written and thus not love letters. But the expressionists had bad manners. "Get out with your love! " cries Ehren- stein's Tubutsch. -' Doblin demanded, in a single sentence, "the self-loss [Entselbstung],the exteriorization of the author" and the end of literary "eroticism. " The dissolution of the function of authorship drove all love out of books: love described as well as the constitutive love that joined the Poet and feminine readers in empathy. Material equality on paper guar- antees quite "naturally" that "the novel has as little to do with love as painting has to do with man or woman. "" When the imagination and "feeling" no longer react, then "love, woman, and so on" disappear from "a literature for discriminating bachelors. ""
So much for programmatic declarations from the founding period. To conclude, consider later, confirming evidence from two exact literary his- torians, who have registered the central fact and its preconditions. Benn and Valery demonstrate in theory and practice that the new order of things, founded by the typewriter, is the space of contemporary writing. "Circa 1900,"the union of love disappears from paper.
Art is a truth that does not yet exist. In the most significant novels since rqoo, women are ranged in categories: in the ethnic-geographic (Conrad), the artistic (DieGottinnen),and the aesthetic (Dorian Gray). In part they are brought in aphoristically, serving a purpose of ovation and reminiscence rather than deter- mining structure, and thus speaking a foreign language: in The Magic Mountain. In the most serious instance, love is a test faced by a newly developing typological principle. '*
Taking stock of things in this way has consequences for paper itself.
A celebration for Dionysus, for wine rather than corn, for Bacchus rather than Demeter, for phallic congestion rather than the nine-month's magic, for the apho- rism rather than the historical novel! One has worked on a piece, with paper and typewriter,thoughts, sentences,itsitsonthedesk. Onereturnsfromotherspheres, from acquaintances, professional circles, overloadings of the brain with circum- stances, overflows, repressions of every flight and dream-after hours of it one returns and sees the white streaks on the desk. What is it? A lifeless something, vague worlds, something painfully, effortfully put together, thought together, grouped, tested, improved, a pathetic remainder, loose, unproven, weak-tinder, decadent nothing. The whole of it an absurdity, an illness of the race, a black mark, a confusion of all relation? There comes Pallas, unerring, always with the helmet, never fertile, the slim childless goddess, born of her father, sexless. '-
? A literature that only arranges women and even despises the Woman or Mother, a literature for discriminating bachelors, has bitter need of a Pallas as tutelary goddess. Whatever bachelor machines produce with "paper and typewriter" remains refuse as long as there is no one to clean up the desk and magically transform refuse into art.
Little has changed, then, since the days of Nietzsche. In a typewritten letter to Overbeck, the half-blind man complains that his Malling Hansen is as "skittish as a young dog," and makes for "little entertainment" and "much trouble. " He is looking for young people to relieve his writing difficulties and would "for this purpose even agree to a two-year mar- riage. "-n Benn realized Nietzsche's subjunctive in his "marriage of com- radeship. "" In 1937, six years before the panegyric for the virginal Athena, a longtime woman friend of Benn's received a letter concerning his marriage plans: it clearly lays out the code for Pullas.
So a little relationship has developed here; it brings some warmth and illumina- tion into my existence and I intend to nourish it. Just sothat you know. There are, first, extemal reasons. Outwardly I'm completely falling apart. Things broken down, a mess everywhere, unfinished letters. . . . The bed sheets are torn up; the bed lies unmade all week; I have to do my own shopping. Heating also, some- times. I don't answer letters anymore because I have no one to write for me. I can't work because I have no time, peace, and no one to take dictation. I make coffee at 3:30 in the afternoon, and that's the one event of my life. At 9 in the evening I go to bed and that's the other. Like a beast. . . .
Nonetheless, I must make another attempt to construct a serious human rela- tionship and with its help try to pull myself out of this mire. Morchen, 1'11 tell you everything, but only you. And now if I tell you what sort of person this is, the one who will probably become unhappy, you'll probably be surprised.
Quite a bit younger than 1 am, just thirty years old. Not at all attractive like Elida and Elisabeth Arden. Very good figure, but the face is negroid. From a very good family. No money. Job similar to that of Helga, well paid, types zoo syl- lables, an expert typist. By our standards. that is, by the standards of o u r genera- tion, uneducated. ""
The end of love does not exclude, it includes marriage. Literary uti- lizers of discarded material are educated, but unable to straighten out the discarded files known as their desks. Thus they marry women who, like Felice Bauer, are neither beautiful nor educated, but who with their zoo typewritten syllables per minute are nearly record-setters. "'The name of the Pallas who comes to rescue and redeem the decadent paper tinder on the desk could be, rather than Herta von Wedemeyer, Minnie Tipp. For the helmet she never lays aside is her machine, which takes dictation. This is the way that pathetic remainders, loose, unproven, weak, which lie on the desk like white streaks, become a truth that does not yet exist- become art.
In 1916 ValCry noted: "Love is, no doubt, worth making. . . but as an
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occupation of the intellect, as a subject of novels and studies, it is tradi- tional and tedious. "nzIn 1940,between Benn's marriage of comradeship and Pallas, Valiry put his literary-historical statement to the test: he wrote 'MyFaust. ' Whereas the second half of the dramatic fragment in- troduces a nameless Nietzsche, who greets Goethe's hero as "trash" and discards him as trash, the first half revolves around a Demoiselle Luste. This pretty person with the pretty name is as able as the hermit of Sils to characterize the irretrievable past of German Poetry. Only Mephisto, who still thinks in terms of major, decisive actions, of Spirit and Nature, can imagine that Faust loves the Demoiselle. But the devil is just a poor devil and, like Dracula, brainless. The developments of modem science and technology have passed him by. " Faust, by contrast, stands at the height of an experiment that, as the "rediscovery of ancient chaos in the body," makes all discourses into secondary phenomena. Therefore his re- lationship to Luste cannot be love, but only an experiment in media
connection.
Me, ValPry, the books: let us sum it all up.
First Faust reads everything that has been written about him in litera-
ture and interpretation. He begins with an autobibliographical exhaus- tion, whose completeness, however, cannot be guaranteed. The second step is to transfer everything that has been stored into a discourse net- work called the Mhoires. Here are the title and the opening sentences.
"The Memoirs of My Self, by Professor Doctor Faustus, Member of the Academy of Dead Sciences, etc. . . . Hero of several literary works of repute. . . " So much has been written about me that I no longer know who I am. True, I have not read all the many works in question, and doubtless there are many more than one whose existence has not been made known to me. But those with which I am acquainted are enough to give me a singularly rich and complex idea of myself and my destiny. Thus I can choose freely among a variety of dates and places for my birth, all equally attested by irrefutable documents and proofs, put forth and discussed by critics of equal eminence. *'
The memoirs of the classical founding hero exceed the discourse network he inaugurated. As the rules stipulate, an author has arisen in the media network of poetic works and interpretations, and that author has all the attributes of literary fame. But precisely for that reason, mathematical combinatorics replaces the organic autobiography. Countless books about books about Faust cancel one another out. What remains is white noise, from which the memoir writer can extract arbitrary selections. Whoever no longer knows who he is and writes his memoirs with the declared in- tention of disappearing as an I is no longer an author.
Faust, having become the empty intersection of countless discourses, rescinds Goethe's Poetty and Truth. This means that, practically speak-
? ing, he dictates other things and otherwise than the Ur-author did. John, Johann Christian Schuchardt, Friedrich Theodor Kriiuter, Johann Peter Eckermann, Friedrich Wilhelm Riemer, or even Geist-so runs the list of the names of men who would have been able to sign Goethe's truths and fictions if the rules in operation had been those of the materiality of writ- ing rather than the Discourse of the Master. Male secretaries were on the one side, and on the other were first a mother, who could hardly write one word correctly, then a wife, who provided for Goethe's "domestic peace and marital happiness" simply by never desiring "fame as a woman writer" and properly eschewing any "mixing in official and literary mat- ters. "*'Such were the parameters of a practice of writing, which led to the conception of an ideal in feminine form, or in the form of a woman. To dictate to the subaltern men present what the One, Only, and Absent Feminine has whispered-writing Poetry is nothing else. Even when Pro- fessor Abnossah Pschorr, one hundred years later, built his phonograph in the study of the Goethe House, the roll still registered men's voices: the Author as he whispers his words of wisdom to Eckermann. n6
Valery's 'MyFuust' is a systematic reversal of all classical writing prac- tices. He too dictates, but not as a bureaucrat who ends up with the state- supporting pact of his own signature. "The mere fact of knowing how to sign my name cost me dear once"-thus "I never write now,""- but in- stead he dictates toward the vanishing point designated by Kafka's avoid- ance of the signature. These dictations doubly oppose the Goethean vari- ety. First, they set no life or ideal of woman into writing, but only the sentences that poets and interpreters have written about an impossible real. Second, this book of books is being written by a woman, not a man. The fact that Demoiselle Luste has been with Faust for eight days is simply explained by her taking dictation. Mephisto can suspect whatever he likes, but what takes place at the end of the idea of Faust is a bargain sale of all poetic-hermeneutic discourse to a woman's ear. The ear is small and magical, as one could have predicted of an admirer of Nietzsche and Mallarme, and it is by no means there to understand anything. " Luste's ear is to take dictation with phonographic accuracy, clean off what was dictated at the beginning of the next day, and otherwise, otherwise be a not unattractive sight for the flight of ideas. "
Luste, a second Pallas, brings order into the combinatory chaos of the last Faust. The writer of the memoir neither has nor desires to have an overview of a life that too many books have described. With or without the help of the devil, who once in a while brings by an insidious text, his desk is a heap of refuse. But there is Luste, that is, the "modest but honor- able part of the thing that discreetly helps to oil the machinery of your thought. "" A woman who knows nothing of the thought or life of the
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one who dictates takes up the chaos of memoirs with clever ears and crys- talline logic. That is why Faust hired her. For phonographic accuracy means doing away with the constitutive repressions in discourses. When Faust for once is not interested in dictating and instead talks about the evening sun and his desire for a little flirtation, Luste, just like Minnie, puts that too onto the mute page. When he risks a physiological defini- tion of laughter, which (as abstraction or parapraxis) applies just as well to orgasm, Luste responds with an endless laugh. When in his finest philo- sophical style he styles his "relations with men and things" as the theme of the memoirs, Luste questions the ambiguous word men,and Faust must be more specific and add that he also had dealings with women. Thus the simple presence of a secretary decomposes the unity of mankind and leaves everywhere only twodivided sexes. Faust can no longer play Fichte-Schelling-Luden's representative of all mankind because his words strike a clever woman's ear.
