No More Learning

other fact transmitted to us concerning the life of
i. 2. & 8; Plut. de Fluv. 10; Hygin. Fab. 165; Marsyas, is that he was appointed by Demetrius
Ovid, Metam. vi. 382, 400. ) The fable evidently to command one division of his fleet in the great
refers to the struggle between the citharoedic and sea-fight of Salamis, B. C. 306. (Diod. xx°50. )
auloedic styles of music, of which the former was But this circumstance is alone sufficient to show
connected with the worship of Apollo among the that he was a person who himself took an active
Dorians, and the latter with the orgiastic rites of part in public affairs, not a mere man of letters.
Cybele in Phrygia. It is easy to apply this ex. It is probable that he followed the fortunes of his
planation to the different parts of the legend ; and step-brother Antigonus.
it may be further illustrated by other traditions His principal work was a history of Macedonia,
respecting Marsyas He is made by some the in ten books, commencing from the earliest times,
inventor of the flute, by others of the double flute. and coming down to the wars of Alexander in
(Plut. de Mus. p. 1132, a ; Suid. s. v. ; Athen. iv. Asia, when it terminated abruptly with the re-
p. 184, a, xiv. p. 616, 617; Plin. H. N. vii. 56. ) turn of that monarch into Syria, after the conquest
By a confusion between the mythical and the his- of Egypt and the foundation of Alexandria. (Suid.
torical, the flute-player Olympus is made his son, 1. c. ) It is repeatedly cited by Athenaeus, Plu-
or by some his father. He is spoken of as a fol- tarch, Harpocration, and other writers. Whether
lower of Cybele (Diod. I. c. ), and he . occupies, in the tà nepl 'Arétaropov which are twice quoted
fact, the same place in the orgiastic worship of by Harpocration (s. v. 'Apio iwv, Mapylins) formed
Cybele that Seilenus does in the worship of Dio- merely a part of the same work, or were altogether
nysus : Pausanias (1. c. ) actually calls him Seilenus, distinct, is uncertain, but the former hypothesis
and other writers connect him with Dionysus. seems the more probable. Some authors, however,
The story of Marsyas was often referred to by assign these fragments to the younger Marsyas.
the lyric and epigrammatic poets (Bode, Gesch. Suidas also speaks of a history of the education
d. Lm. Dichtk, vol. ii pp. 296, 297; Brunck, Anal. | of Alexander (aToũ Toũ AAedvốpos dywriv) as
vol. i. p. 488, vol. ii. p. 97), and formed a favourite a separate work, and ascribes, moreover, to the
subject for works of art. (Müller, Archäol. d. elder Marsyas a treatise on the history or anti-
Kunst, $ 362, n. 4. ) In the fora of ancient cities quities of Athens ('ATTıká), in twelve books,
there was frequently placed a statue of Marsyas, which Bernhardy and Geier consider as being the
with one hand erect, in token, according to Servius, same with the apxalo ogla, the work of the
of the freedom of the state, since Marsyas was a younger historian of this name.
minister of Bacchus, the god of liberty. (Serv. in 2. Of Philippi, commonly called the Younger
Aen. iv. 528. ) It seems more likely that the (ó vectepos), to distinguish him from the preceding,
statue, standing in the place where justice was ad- with whom he has frequently been confounded.
ministered, was intended to hold forth an example The period at which he flourished is uncertain :
of the severe punishment of arrogant presumption. the earliest writers by whom he is cited are Pliny
(Böttiger, Kleine Schriften, vol. i. p. 28. ) The and Athenaeus. The latter tells us that he was
statue of Marsyas in the forum of Rome is well priest Heracles. (Athen. xi. p. 467, c. ) The
known by the allusions of Horace (Sat. i. 6. 120), works of his which we find cited, are, 1. Makedo-
Juvenal (Sat. ix. 1,2), and Martial (ii. 64. 7). This vikó, whether a geographical or strictly historical
statue was the place of assembly for the courtezans treatise is uncertain ; it contained at least six
of Rome, who used to crown it with chaplets of books. (Harpocr. s. v. Anth. ) 2. 'Apxalo oglan
flowers. (Plin. H. N. xxi. 3; Senec. de Benef. vi. in twelve books, mentioned by Suidas ; probably,
32; Lipsius, Antiq. Lect. 3. )
[P. S. ] as suggested by Geier, the same with the 'ATTIS
MA'RSYAS (Mapoúas), general of the Alex. attributed by the lexicographer to the elder Mar-
andrians in their revolt against Ptolemy Physcon. syas. 3. Mudiká, in seven books.
He was taken prisoner by Hegelochus, the com- The two last works are erroneously attributed
mander of the king's forces, and carried before by Suidas, according to our existing text, to a
Ptolemy, who, however, spared his life. (Diod. third Marsyas, a native of Taba, but it has been
Exc. Vales. p. 603. )
[E. H. B. ] satisfactorily shown that this supposed historian is
MA'RSYAS (Mapoúas), literary. Three his no other than the mythical founder of the city of
torical writers of this name are mentioned by Taba (Steph. Byz. s. v. Táßai), and that the works
Suidas (s. v. Mapoúas), but there seems no doubt ascribed to him belong in fact to Marsyas of Phi-
that this arises either from an error of Suidas him- lippi.
self or a corruption of his text, and that there were All the questions concerning both the elder and
3 0 2


## p. 964 (#980) ############################################

964
MARTIALIS.
MARTIALIS.
orly in the aty,
Bean, Gerim, ac
be secured the
Tites and Dora
freedom of the
and received for
est fandt if not
Tiepes accorded
skree children
the rank of the
trian order, dis
probabiy merely
harge of any
205 consider
bowever, mest
had a mansion
Bribes, and a
which be freqe
bia: Plins, in
250ve, states
Preact to ass
jeankey (prose
when be add
znowledge
gives no bal
is to rendert
that the fat
and his mot
interpretatio
carios deles
to the name
Aerande
the younger Marsyas are fully discussed, and the found by comparing these with the references in
extant fragments of their works collected, by Geier, Palladius to Martialis, that they must actually be
Alexandri M. Historiar. Scriptores aetate suppures, regarded as a portion of his essay De Horlis. The
Lips. 1844, pp. 318—340. (See also Droysen, remains themselves, together with a full account
Hellenism. vol. i. pp. 679—682 ; Bernhardy, ad of the Codex Rescriptus to which they belong,
Suid. 8. v. Mapovas. )
(E. H. B. ] are included in the first volume of the Classici
MARTHA. (MARIU6, p. 95. 3, b. ]
Auctores e Vaticanis Codicibus editi, 8vo. Rom.
MA'RTIA and MA'RTIUS. [MARCIA ; 1828. Nor was this all. Not long afterwards,
MARCIUS. ]
the same scholar detected among the treasures of
MARTIA’LIS (Maptlarios), a physician and the Vatican, two MSS. , one of the tenth, the
anatomist at Rome, who was born about the year other of the twelfth century, containing tracts upon
95 after Christ. Galen became personally ac- medical subjects, in both of which was a section
quainted with him during his first visit to Rome, headed INCIPIT LIBER TERTIUS. DE Pomis.
about A. D. 165, and speaks of him as an envious Martialis, on the sanatory properties of various
and quarrelsome person. He was a follower or fruits, and in this the details with regard to the
admirer of Erasistiatus, and wrote some anatomi- virtues of quinces were found to correspond almost
cal works, which were in great repute for some verbatim with the remarks in the Neapolitan MS. ,
years after his death (Galen, De Libris Propriis, c. thus removing the last shade of doubt with regard
1, vol. xix. p. 13). He is probably the same per- to the author. Whether, however, Gargilius Mar-
son as the physician named Marcianus, though it is tialis the historian, Gargilius Martialis the horti-
not quite certain which name is correct. (W. A. G. ] culturist, and Gargilius Martialis the veterinarian,
MARTIA'LIS, CORNELIUS, was deprived are all, or any two of them, the same, or all
of his rank as tribune, apparently in the praeto- different personages, must in the absence of satis-
rian guards, on the detection of Piso's conspiracy | factory evidence be considered as still an open
against Nero, in A. D. 66. He afterwards served question. (Mai published the Vatican fragment
in the army of Flavius Sabinus against the troops in the third volume of the collection named above
of Vitellius, and perished in the burning of the (Rom. 1831), and the whole three pieces were
Capitol, A. D. 69. (Tac. Ann. xv. 71, Hist. iii. 70,73.
) | printed together in Germany, under the title “ Gar-
MARTIA'LIS, GARGI’LIUS, is quoted as an gilii Martialis Gargilii quae supersunt. Editio in
authority for the private life and habits of Alex. Germania prima. Lunaeburgi, 1832. ") (W. R. )
ander Severus (Lamprid. Alex. Sev. 37), with MARTIA'LIS, JU'LIUS, an evocatus, who,
whom he seems to have been contemporary, and is from private pique, joined the conspiracy against
classed by Vopiscus (Prob. 2) along with Marius Caracalla. Having seized a convenient opportunity,
Maximus, Suetonius Tranquillus, Julius Capito- he stabbed the emperor while on a journey from
linus and Aelius Lampridius, historians of the Edessa to Carrhae, and was himself slain upon the
second class, who recorded the truth, but without spot by one of the Scythian guards. The senate
eloquence or philosophy.
testified warm gratitude to their deliverer, and
A short corrupt fragment on veterinary surgery, proposed to honour his memory by panegyrical
entitled “ Curae Boum ex Corpore Gargilii Mar- orations and by statues. (Dion Cass. lxxviii. 5, 18,
tialis,” was transcribed under the inspection of comp. 8. )
[W. R. )
Perizonius, at the request of Schoetgen, from a MARTIA’LIS, M. VALE'RIUS, the epigram-
Leyden MS. , and published by Gesner in his matist. Whatever information we possess regard-
" Scriptores Rei Rusticae Veteres Latini” (2 vols. ing the personal history of this writer is derived
4to. Lips. 1735), vol. ii. p. 1170, but it is im- almost exclusively from his works; for although
possible to determine whether the compiler of this he often boasts of his own far-spread popularity,
tract, the antiquity of which has been doubted by and although Aelius Verus was wont to term him
critics, is the same person with the historian. The “his Virgil,” he is not spoken of by any contem-
MS. from which it was printed was comparatively porary author except the younger Pliny, nor by
recent, but had been copied from one of more any of those who followed after him, except Spar-
ancient date, which once belonged to the monastery tianus, Lampridius, and perhaps Sidonius Apolli-
of Corvey on the Weser. (See Gesner, Praef. p. naris, until we reach the period of the grammarians,
xvii. and the dissertation of Schoetgen, p. xlii. ) by whom he is frequently quoted. By collecting
In the Divine Lections of Cassiodorus (c. 28) we and comparing the incidental notices scattered
read “ De hortis scripsit pulcherrime Gargilius through his pages, we are enabled to determine
Martialis, qui et nutrimenta olerum et virtutes that he was a native of Bilbilis in Spain, that be
eorum diligenter exposuit. " This work is fre- was born upon the first of March, in the third
quently quoted by Palladius (e. g. iv. tit. 9. $ 9), year of Claudius, A. D. 43, that he came to Rome
but not by any older writer, although Servius (ad in the thirteenth year of Nero, A. D. 66, that after
l'irg. Georg. iv. 147), speaks as if Virgil had dis- residing in the metropolis for a space of thirty-five
cerned him from afar with prophetic eye. No portion years, he again repaired to the place of his birth,
of it was known to exist until Angelo Mai in 1826 in the third year of Trajan, A. D. 100, and lived
discovered that a palimpsest in the royal library there for upwards of three years at least, on the
at Naples, which had originally belonged to the property of his wife, a lady named Marcella,
celebrated monastery of St. Columbanus at Bobbio, whom he seems to have married after his return to
and which was known to contain the grammarian the banks of the Salo, and to whose graces and
Charisius, fragments of Lucan, and some other mental charms he pays a warm tribute. His
pieces, all of which had been examined, contained death, which cannot have taken place before A. D.
also some chapters by a writer on rural affairs, 104, is mentioned by the younger Pliny, but we are
treating of quinces (De Cydoneis), peaches (De unable to fix the date of the epistle (iii. 20, al. 21)
l'ersicis), almonds (De Amygdalis), and chestnuts in which the event is recorded. His fame was er.
(De Castaneis). Upon closer investigation it was tended and his books were eagerly sought for, not
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and


## p. 965 (#981) ############################################

MARTIALIS.
965
MARTIALIS.
only in the city, but also in Gaul, Germany, than the fifteenth century ; but the most judicious
Britain, Getica, and the wild region of the north ; critics are of opinion that the greater number of
he secured the special patronage of the emperors the pieces are genuine, although it is not unlikely
Titus and Domitian, obiained by his influence the that spurious matter may have found its way both
freedom of the state for several of his friends, into this and the other books, for we find a re-
and received for himself, although apparently with- monstrance (x. 100) addressed to an unscrupulous
out family if not unmarried, the highly-valued pri- pretender, who was attempting to palm his own
vileges accorded to those who were the fathers of progeny on the public under the cover of Martial's
three children (jus trium liberorum), together with reputation.
the rank of tribunus and the rights of the eques- Considerable praise is due to the industry dis
trian order, distinctions which in his case were played by Loyd and Dodwell in adjusting the
probably merely honorary, not implying the dis chronology of Martial, but the recent labours of
charge of any particular duties, nor the possession Clinton are much more satisfactory. It is clear
of any considerable fortune. His circumstances, from the introductory dedication and notices in
however, must have been at one tiine easy ; for he prose and verse, that the different books were col.
had a mansion in the city whose situation he de lected and published by the author, sometimes
scribes, and a suburban villa near Nomentum, to singly and sometimes several at one time. The
which he frequently alludes with pride. It is true “ Liber de Spectaculis” and the first nine books of
that Pliny, in the letter to which we have referred the regular series involve a great number of his-
above, states that he made Martial a pecuniary torical allusions, extending from the games of Titus
present to assist in defraying the expenses of his (A. D. 80) down to the return of Domitian from
journey (prosecutus eram viatico secedentem), but the Sarmatian expedition, in January, A. D. 94.
when he adds that the gift was presented as an The second book could not have been written until
acknowledgment for a complimentary address, he after the commencement of the Dacian war (ii. 2),
gives no hint that the poverty of the bard was such that is, not before A. D. 86, nor the sixth until after
as to render this aid an act of charity. The assertion the triumph over the Dacians and Germans (A. D.
that the father of Martial was named Fronto 91); the seventh was written while the Sarmatian
and his mother Flaccilla, rests upon a mistaken war, which began in A. D. 93, was still in progress,
interpretation of the epigram v. 34 ; and another and reaches to the end of that year. The eighth
curious delusion at one time prevailed with regard book opens in January, A. D. 94, the ninth also
to the name of Martial himself. In the biography refers to the same epoch, but may, as Clinton sup-
of Alexander Severus (c. 38) we find the twenty- poses, have been written in A. D. 95. The whole
ninth epigram of the fifth book quoted as “ Mar- of these were composed at Rome, except the third,
tialis Coci Epigramma," and hence Joannes of Salis- which was written during a tour in Gallia Togata.
bury (Curiul. Nugar. vii. 12, viii. 6, 13), Jacobus The tenth book was published twice: the first
Magnus of Toledo (Sopholog. passim), and 'Vin- edition was given hastily to the world ; the second,
centius of Beauvais (Specul. Doctr. iii. 37), suppose that which we now read (x. 2), celebrates the
Coquus to have been a cognomen of the poet, and arrival of Trajan at Rome, after his accession to
designate him by that appellation. The numerous the throne (x. 6, 7, 34, 72). Now, since this
corruptions which everywhere abound in the text event took place A. d. 99, and since the twenty-
of the Augustan historians, and the fact that the fourth epigram of this book was written in honour
word in question is altogether omitted in several of the author's fifty-seventh birthday, we are thus
MSS. and early editions, while we find etiam sub- supplied with the data requisite for fixing the
stituted for it in two of the Palatine codices, justify epoch of his birth ; and since at the close of the
us in concluding either that coci was foisted in by book (x. 10+) he had been thirty-four years at
the carelessness of a transcriber, or that the true Rome, we can thence calculate the time when he
reading is coce, i e. quoque, which will remove every left Spain. The eleventh book seems to have been
difficulty.
published at Rome, early in a. D. 100, and at the
The extant works of Martial consist of an close of the year he returned to Bilbilis. After
assemblage of short poems, all included under the keeping silence for three years (xii. prooem. ), the
general appellation Epigrammata, upwards of 1500 twelfth book was despatched from Bilbilis to Rome
in number, divided into fourteen books. Those (xii. 3, 18), and in this he refers (xii. 5) to the two
which form the two last books, usually distinguished preceding books, published, as we have seen, in A. D.
respectively as Xenia and Apophoreta, amounting 99 and 100. Allowing, therefore, for the interval
to 350, consist, with the exception of the intro- of repose, the twelfth book must be assigned to
ductions, entirely of distichs, descriptive of a vast A. D. 104. It must be observed, however, that if
variety of small objects, chiefly articles of food or the Parthenius, to whom book xi. is dedicated, and
clothing, such as were usually sent as presents who is again addressed in book xii. (ep. 11), be
among friends during the Saturnalia, and on other the “ Palatinus Parthenius," the chamberlain of
festive occasions. In addition to the above, nearly Domitian (iv. 45, v. 6, viii. 28 ; comp. Sueton.
all the printed copies include 33 epigrams, forming Domit. 16), and if the statement of Victor (Epit.
a book apart from the rest, which, ever since the 12), that this Parthenius was cruelly murdered by
time of Gruter, has been commonly known as Liber the soldiery (A. D. 97) soon after the elevation of
de Spectaculis, because the contents relate entirely Nerva, can be depended upon, it is evident that
to the shows exhibited by Titus and Domitian, but some pieces belonging to earlier years were included
there is no ancient authority for the title, and hence in the later books. It is not necessary, however,
the most recent editor restores the proper and to hold with Clinton, that Ep. xi. 4 is in honour
simple form Liber Epigrammaton. The "De Spec- of the third consulship of Nerva (A. D. 97), since
taculis” is altogether wanting in most of the best the words and the name Nerva are equally ap-
MSS. , and of those which embrace it two only, plicable to the third consulship of Trajan (A. D.
both derved from the same archetype, are older | 100). Books xii. and xiv. , the Xenia and A popho-
3 3


## p. 966 (#982) ############################################

966
MARTIALIS.
MARTINIANUS.
bizwe to the
wiose fate be s
A me coin in
tions beaning a
ARG. , Lich
Argutu; an
from the verd
pure l'ALESS
Veild. 25, 28,
2002. F?
MARTIS
the year 316
tatis part of
Constant.
De
in the army
he had obtain
closely to Hi
Tetanned to
esererting h
santipe be
the Arians,
but after thi
away mo
about 360 a
founded as
reta, were written chiefly under Domitian (xiii. 4. examination of a very large number of MSS. His
74, xiv. 1. 179, 213), although the composition prolegomena contain a full and highly valuable
may have been spread over the holidays of many account of these and other codices, of the places
years.
where they are at present deposited, and of their
It is well known that the word Epigram, which relative value. No ancient author stands more in
originally denoted simply an inscription, was, in need of an ample and learned commentary, but
process of time, applied to any brief metrical none has yet appeared which will satisfy all the
effusion, whatever the subject might be, or what- wants of the student. The most useful, upon the
ever the form under which it was presented, and whole, is that which is attached to the edition of
in this sense the heterogeneous mass which con- Lemaire, 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1825, but Schneide-
stitutes the Greek anthology, and all the lighter winn has promised to publish the notes of Fr.
effusions of Catullus, are called epigrams. In many Schmieder, the preceptor of C. O. Müller, of which
of these, it is true, the sentiinents are pithily he speaks in high praise, and expresses a hope that
worded, and a certain degree of emphasis is re- he may be able to add the remarks compiled by
served for the conclusion ; but Martial first placed Böttiger, which passed after his death into the
the epigram upon the narrow basis which it now hands of Weichert.
occupies, and from his time the term has been in a A great number of translations from Martial
great measure restricted to denoto a short poem, will be found dispersed in the works of the English
in which all the thoughts and expressions converge poets, and numerous selections have been given to
to one sharp point, which forms the termination of the world from time to time, such as those by
the piece. li is impossible not to be amazed by Thomas May, 8vo. Lond. 1629; by Fletcher, 8vo.
the singular fertility of imagination, the prodigious Lond. 1656 ; by J. Hughes, in his Miscellanies,
flow of wit, and the delicate felicity of language 8vo. Lond. 1737 ; by W. Hay, 12mo. Lond. 1754 ;
everywhere developed in this extraordinary col- by Wright, along with the distichs of Cato, 12mo.
lection, and from no source do we derive more Lond. 1763 ; by Rogers, in his poems, 12mo.
copious information on the national customs and Lond. 1782 ; and finally a complete version of the
social habits of the Romans during the first century whole by Elphinstone, 4to. Lond. 1782, a singular
of the empire. But however much we may admire monument of dulness and folly. In French we
the genius of the author, we feel no respect for the have complete translations into verse, by Marolles,
character of the man. The inconceivable servility 4to.