No More Learning

Hist. Nal. xxviii. 4, 7); and concubine of Heracles in Italy; while, according
women wrapt up in the toga praetexta used to to others, she was the wife or sister of Faunus.
offer up sacrifices in the chapel of Fascinus. (Paul. Latinus, who is called a son of Heracles by a con-
Diac. p. 103. ) His worship was under the care cubine, was probably considered to be the son of
of the Vestals ; and generals, who entered the city Faula ; whereas the common tradition describes
in triumph, had the symbol of Fascinus fastened him as a son of Faunus. Faula was identified by
under their chariot, that he might protect them some of the ancients with the Greek Aphrodite
from envy (medicus invidiae), for envy was be- (Verr. Flacc. ap. Lactant. de Fals. Reliy. i. 20, Inst.
lieved to exercise an injurious influence on those Ep. ad Pentad. 20; comp. FAUNUS. ) (L. S. ]
who were envied. (Plin. l. c. ) It was a custom FAUNUS, the son of Picus and father of La-
with the Romans, when they praised any body, tinus, was the third in the series of the kings of
to add the word praefiscine or praefiscini, which the Laurentes. In his reign Faunus, like his two
seems to have been an invocation of Fascinus, to predecessors, Picus and Saturn, had promoted agri-
prevent the praise turning out injurious to the culture and the breeding of cattle among his sub-
person on whom it was bestowed. (L. S. ] jects, and also distinguished himself as a hunter.
FASTI'DIUS, a British bishop placed, as to (Plin. H. N. ix. 6 ; Propert. iv. 2. 34. ) In his reign
time, by Gennadius, between Cyril of Alexandria likewise the Arcadian Evander and Heracles were
and Theodotus of Ancyra. One tract by this au- believed to have arrived in Latium. (Plut. Paralla
thor, entitled De Vita Christiana, is still extant, but Gr. et Rom. 38. ) Faunus acts a very prominent
was long ascribed to St. Augustin, or to some un- part in the mythical history of Latium, for, inde-
known writer, until restored to its lawful owner pendent of what he did for agriculture, he was re-
by Holstenius, who published an edition at Rome garded as one of the great founders of the religion
in 1663, from an ancient MS. in the monastery of of the country ; bence Lactantius (i. 24, $ 9) places
Monte Casino. It will be found in the Bibliotheca him on an equality with Numa. He was there
Patrum of Galland (vol. ix. p. 481) and a dis. fore in later times worshipped in two distinct capa-
cussion
upon Fastidius himself in the Prolegomena cities : first, as the god of fields and shepherds,
(p. xxix. ). Gennadius ascribes to him another and secondly, as an oracular and prophetic divinity.
work, De Viduitate Servanda, which, however, the festival of the Faunalia, which was celebrated
was perhaps incorporated in the piece mentioned on the 5th of December, by the country people,
above, which contains a chapter De Triplici Vidui- with great feasting and merriment, had reference
IV. R. ) to him as the god of agriculture and cattle. (Horat.
M. FAU'CIUS, & native of Arpinum, of Carm. ii. 18. ) As a prophetic god, he was believed
equestrian rank, at Rome. His life would be un- to reveal the future to man, partly in dreams, and
deserving record but for its connection with a letter partly by voices of unknown origin. (Virg. Aen.
of Cicero's (Fam. xii. 11), which incidentally vii. 81, &c. ; Cic. de Nat. Deor. ii. 2, v. 6, de
throws light upon the local government and cir- Dirin. i. 45. ) What he was in this respect to the
cumstances of the municipium of Arpinum, the male sex, his wife Fauna or Faula was to the
birthplace of Marius and Cicero. The Arpinatian fernale, whence they bore the surnames Fatuus,
community possessed estates in Cisalpine Gaul, the Fatua, or Fatuellus, Fatuella, derived from fari,
rents of which were their only fund for the repair fatum. (Justin, xliii. 1; Lactant. i. 22. ) They
of their temples and the cost of their sacrifices and are said to have given their oracles in Saturnian
festivals. Faucius was one of three commissioners verse, whence we may perhaps infer that there ex-
sent to recover the dues of his municipium, isted in Latium collections of oracles in this metre,
which the date of the letter, B. C. 46, renders it (Varro, de L. L. vii. 36. ) The places where
not improbable that the civil wars had caused to such oracles were given were sacred groves, one
be withheld. Cicero recommends Faucius and near Tibur, around the well Albunen, and another
the other commissioners to M. Brutus, who was on the Aventine, near Roune. (Virg. I. c. ; Ov.
Ice
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· 138
FAVONIUS.
PAVONIUS.
Fast. iv. 649, &c. ) The rites observed in the have been the last of all the senators that was pre
former place are minutely described by Virgil: a vailed upon to sanction the lex agraria of Caesar,
priest offered up a sheep and other sacrifices ; and and not until Cato himself had yielded. In B. C.
The person who consulted the oracle had to sleep 57, when Cicero proposed that Pompey should be
one right on the skin of the victim, during which entrusted with the superintendence of all the sup
the god gave an answer to his questions either in a plies of corn, Favonius was at the head of the oppo
dream or in supernatural voices. Similar rites are sition party, and became still more indignant at
described by Ovid as having taken place on the the conduct of the tribune Messius, who claimed
Aventine. (Comp. Isidor. viii. 11, 87. ) There almost unlimited power for Pompey. When Pro-
is a tradition that Numa, by a stratagem, com- lemy Auletes, the exiled king of Egypt, had
pelled Picus and his son Faunus to reveal to him caused the murder of the ambassadors whom the
the secret of calling down lightning from heaven Alexandrians had sent to Rome, Favonius openly
[ELICIUS), and of purifying things struck by light- charged him in the senate with the crime, and at
ning. (Arnob. v. 1 ; Plut. Num. 15 ; Ov. Fust. the same time unmasked the disgraceful conduct of
iii. 291, &c. ) At Rome there was a round temple those Romans who had been bribed by the king.
of Faunus, surrounded with columns, on Mount in the year following, when Pompey was pub-
Caelius ; and another was built to him, in B. c. licly insulted during the trial of Milo, Favonius
196, on the island in the Tiber, where sacrifices and other Optimates rejoiced in the senate at the
were offered to him on the ides of February, the affront thus offered to him. In the second con-
day on which the Fabii had perished on the Cre sulship of Pompey and Crassus, in B. C. 55, the
mera. (Liv. xxxiii. 42, xxxiv. 53 ; P. Vict. Reg. tribune Trebonius brought forward a bill that
Urb. 2 ; Vitruv. iii. 1; Ov. Fast. ii. 193. ) In Spain and Syria should be given to the consuls
consequence of the manner in which he gave his for five years, and that Caesar's proconsulship of
oracles, he was looked upon as the author of spec- Gaul should be prolonged for the same period. Cato
tral appearances and terrifying sounds (Dionys. and Favonius opposed the bill, but it was carried
v. 16); and he is therefore described as a wanton by force and violence. In B. C. 54, Favonius,
and voluptuous god, dwelling in woods, and fond Cicero, Bibulus, and Calidius spoke in favour of
of nymphs. (Horat. l. c. ) The way in which the freedom of the Tenedians. In the year fol-
the god manifested himself seems to have given lowing Favonius offered himself as a candidate for
rise to the idea of a plurality of fauns (Fauni), the aedileship, but was rejected. Cato, however,
who are described as monsters, half goat, and observed, that a gross deception had been practised
with horns. (Ov. Fast. v. 99, Heroid. iv. 49. ) in the voting, and, with the assistance of the
Faunus thus gradually came to be identified with tribunes, he caused a fresh election to be insti-
the Arcadian Pan, and the Fauni as identical with tuted, the result of which was that his friend was
the Greek satyrs, whence Ovid (Met. vi. 392) invested with the office. During the year of his
uses the expression Fauni et Satyri fratres. As aedileship, he left the administration of affairs and
Faunus, and afterwards the Fauni, were believed the celebration of the games to his friend Cato.
to be particularly fond of frightening persons in Towards the end of the year, he was thrown into
various ways, it is not an improbable conjecture prison by the tribune, Q. Pompeius Rufus, for
that Faunus may be a euphemistic name, and con- some offence, the nature of which is unknown ;
nected with fareo. (Hartung, Die Relig. d. Rom. for according to Dion Cassius, Rufus imprisoned
vol. ii. p. 183, &c. )
(L. S. ] him merely that he might have a companion in
M. FAVOʻNIUS is mentioned for the first time disgrace, having himself been imprisoned a short
in B. C. 61, during the transactions against P. time before ; but some think, and with greater
Clodius for having violated the sacra of the Bona probability, that it was to deter Favonius from
Dea. On that occasion he joined Cato, whose opposing the dictatorship of Pompey, which it was
sternness he imitated throughout life, in his attacks intended to propose. In B. c. 52, Cicero, in his
upon the consul Piso for defending Clodius, and defence of Milo, mentions Favonius as the person
displayed great zeal in the matter. The year to whom Clodius was reported to have said, that
after, he accused Metellus Scipio Nasica, probably Milo in three or four days would no longer be
of bribery. Cicero defended the accused, at which among the living. The condemnation of Milo,
Favonius was somewhat offended. In the same however, took place, notwithstanding the exertions
year he sued, a second time, for the tribuneship, to save him, in which Cato and Favonius probably
but he does not appear to have succeeded, for there took part. In 51 Favonius sued for the praetor-
is no evidence to prove that he was invested with ship, but in vain ; as, however, in 48 he is called
that office, and Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, who praetorius, it is possible that he was candidate for
at the end of the year concluded their treaty, and the same office in the year 50 also, and that in 49
were well aware that Favonius, although he was he was invested with it. In this year he and
harmless, might yet be a very troublesome oppo- Cato opposed the proposal that a supplicatio should
nent, probably exerted their influence to prevent be decreed in honour of Cicero, who was well
his gaining his end.
About that time Pompey disposed towards both, and who appears to have
was suffering from a bad foot, and when he ap- been greatly irritated by this slight
peared in public with a white bandage round his The civil war between Caesar and Pompey
leg, Favonius, in allusion to his aiming at the su- broke out during the praetorship of Favonius, who
premacy in the Roman republic, remarked that it is said to have been the first to taunt Pompey by
was indifferent in what part of the body the royal requesting him to call forth the legions by stamp-
diadem (bandage) was worn. It should be re ing his foot on the ground. He filed at first with
marked that Favonius, although he belonged to the consuls and several senators to Capua, and was
the party of the Optimates, was yet a personal the only one who would not listen to any proposals
enemy of Pompey. "In B. c. 59, when J. Caesar for reconciliation between the two rivals ; but not.
and Bibulus were consuls, Favonius is said to I withstanding his personal aversion to Pompey, he


## p. 139 (#155) ############################################

PAVONIUS
139
FAVORINUS.
FAVORINUS.
of all the senators that Tas pat
rtion the lex agraria of Caester
,
himself had yielded. In & C.
oposed that Pompes should
superintendence of all the cap
ius was at the head of the oppo
ecame still more indigtiant at
tribune Messius, who claimed
ver for Pomper. When Pro
exiled king of Egypt
, had
f the ambassadors whom the
it io Rome, Faronius openly
inate with the crime, and at
ed the disgraceful conduct of
I been bribed by the king,
when Pompey was pac-
he trial of Milo, Faronin
oiced in the senate at ube
him. In the second oil-
Crassus, in B. C. 55, the
.
a
joined him and the Optimates, when they went | Favorinus, it would be arbitrary to make any such
over to Greece. In B. C. 48, we find him engaged alteration, and we must acquiesce in what we
in Macedonia, under Metellus Scipio, and during learn from Gellius. As for the lex Licinia here
the latter's absence in Thessaly, Favonius, who spoken of, Macrobius (ii. 13), in enumerating the
was left behind on the river Haliacmon with eight sumptuary laws, mentions one which was carried
cohorts, was taken by surprise by Domitius Cal- by P. Licinius Crassus Dives, and which is, in all
vinus, and was saved only by the speedy return probability, the one which was supported by Favo-
of Metellus Scipio. Up to the last moment Fa- rinus. The exact year in which this law was pro-
vonius would not hear of any reconciliation. mulgated is uncertain ; some assign it to the cen-
After the unfortunate issue of the battle of Phar- sorship of Licinius Crassus, B. C. 89, others to his
salus, Favonius, however, acted as a faithful friend consulship in B. c. 97, and others, again, to his
towards Pompey: he accompanied him in his flight, tribuneship, B. c. 110, or his praetorship, B. c. 104.
and shewed him the greatest kindness and attention. The poet Lucilius is known to have mentioned this
After the death of Pompey, he returned to Italy, law in his Satires ; and as that poet died in B. C.
and was pardoned by J. Caesar, in whose supre- 103, it is at any rate clear that the law must have
macy he acquiesced, having gained the conviction been carried previous to the consulship of Licinius
that monarchy was better than civil war. For Crassus, i, e. previous to B. c. 97. (H. Meyer,
this reason the conspirators against the life of Fragm. Orat. Rom. p. 207, &c. , 2d edit. ) (L. s. j
Caesar did not attempt to draw him into their FAVORI'NUS. (Pabwpivos. ) 1. A philosopher
plot ; but after the murder was accomplished, he and sophist of the time of the emperor Hadrian.
openly joined the conspirators, and went with them lle was a native of Arles, in the south of Gaul,
to the Capitol. When Brutus and Cassius were and is said to have been born an Hermaphrodite
obliged to leave Rome, he followed them, and was or an eunuch. (Philostr. Vit. Soph. i. 8. § 1; Lu-
accordingly outlawed in B. C. 43, by the lex Pedia, cian, Eunuch. 7 ; Gell. ii. 22. ) On one occasion,
as their accomplice. He was, however, a trouble-however, a Roman of rank brought a charge of
some and importunate ally to the republicans, and adultery against him. He appears to have visited
in 42, when he presumed to influence Brutus and Rome and Greece at an early age, and he ac-
Cassius at their meeting at Sardis, Brutus thrust quired an intimate acquaintance of the Greek and
the intruder out of the house. In the battle of Latin languages and literature. These attainments
Philippi Favonius was taken prisoner, and on being combined with great philosophical knowledge,
led in chains before the conquerors, he respectfully very extensive learning, and considerable oratorical
saluted Antony, but indulged in bitter invectives power, raised him to high distinctions both at
against Octavianus, for having ordered several re- Rome and in Greece. For a time he enjoyed the
publicans to be put to death. The consequence friendship and favour of the emperor Hadrian, but
was, as he might have expected, that he met on one occasion he offended the emperor in a dis-
with the same fate.
pute with him, and fell into disgrace, whereupon
M. Favonius was not a man of strong character or the Athenians, to please the emperor, destroyed
principle : his sternness of manner and of conduct the bronze_statue which they had previously
was mere affectation and imitation of Cato, in erected to Favorinus. He used to boast of three
which he went so far as to receive and deserve the things : that being a eunuch he had been charged
nickname of the ape of Cato. The motives for his with adultery, that although a native of Gaul
actions, in all cases where we can trace them, he spoke and wrote Greek, and that he con-
were passion, personal animosity, and a desire to tinued to live although he had offended the em-
please Cato, the consideration of the public good peror. (Philostr. l. c. ; Dion Cass. Ixix. 3; Spartian.
having no share in them. His only honourable Hadr. 16. ) Favorinus was connected by intimate
action is the conduct he showed towards Pompey friendship with Demetrius of Alexandria, Demetrius
after his defeat He and L. Postumius are admi- the Cynic, Cornelius Fronto, and especially with
rably characterised by the Pseudo-Sallust (аd Plutarch, who dedicated to him his treatise on the
Caes. 2. p. 275, ed Gerlach) as quasi magnae navis principle of cold (Tepl toũ TPÓTOU Yux poû), and
supervacua onera. He seems to have had some among whose lost works we have mention of a
talent as an orator, at least we know from Cicero letter on friendship, addressed to Favorinus. He-
that he spoke in public on several occasions, but no rodes Atticus, who was likewise on intimate terms
specimen of his oratory has come down to us. with him, looked up to him with great esteem,
(Cic. ad Att. i. 14, ii. 1, 4, vii. 1, 15. xv. ll, ad and Favorinus bequeathed to him his library and
Qu. Fr. ii. 3, 11, ad Fam. viii. 9, 11, pro Mil. 9, his house at Rome. Favorinus for some time re-
16 ; Val. Max vi. 2. $ 7; Plut. Cat. Min. 32, 46, sided in Asia Minor ; and as he was highly ho-
Pomp. 60, 67, Brut. 12, 34, Caes. 41 ; Dion Cass. noured by the Ephesians, he excited the envy and
xxxviii. 7, xxxix. 14, 34, &c. xl. 45, xlvi. 48, xlvii. hostility of Polemon, then the most famous sophist
49; Caes. B. C. ii. 36 ; Vell. Pat. ii. 53; Appian, at Smyrna. The two sophists attacked each other
B. C. ii. 119, &c. ; Suet. Octav. 13. ) (L. S. ] in their declamations with great bitterness and
FAVO'NI'S EULO'GIUS. [EULOGIUS. ) animosity. The oratory of Farorinus was of a
FAVORI'NUS, a Latin orator, of whom lively, and in his earlier years of a very passionate
nothing is known, except that Gellius (xv. 8) has kind. He was very fond of displaying his learning
preserved a fragment of one of his orations in sup in his speeches, and was always particularly anx-
port of a lex Licinia de sumtu minuendo. The ques ious to please his audience. His extensive know-
tion as to who this Favorinus, and what this ledge is further attested by his numerous works,
Licinian law was, deserves some attention. A Ro- and the variety of subjects on which he wrote.
man orator of the name of Favorinus is altogether None of his works, however, has come down to
unknown, and hence critics have proposed to us, unless we suppose with Emperius, the late
change the name in Gellius into Fannius, Auguri-editor of Dion Chrysostomus (in a dissertation de
pus, or Favonius; but as all the MSS. agree in Oratione Corinthiaca falso Dioni Chrys. adscripta,
ght forward a bill that
be given to the compuls
Caesar's proconsulszip of
for the same period. Cato
e bill, but it was carried
In B. 6. 54, Favojus,
dius spoke in Eropre
lians. In the rear fol-
mself as a candidate for
'cted. Cato, bowerer,
tion had been practised
the assistance of the
1 election to be insti-
as that his friend was
uring the year of his
stration of affuirs and
to his friend Cats.
he was thrown into
ompeius Rurus, for
which is unknown;
Rufus imprisoned
Te a companion in
imprisoned a short
and with greater
er Faronius from
per, which it was
52, Cicero, in his
bius as the persoa
> have said, that
Id no longer be
nation of Will
ng the exertions
vonjus probably
for the practor
48 he is called
candidate for
and that in 49
Fear be aod
plicatio sbonld
who was wel
Tears to have
and Pompey
Bronjos, bo
Pomper by
zs by stamp
at Erst wich
12, and was
s proposa's
; but not
Compes, be
a


## p. 140 (#156) ############################################

140
FAUSTA.
FAUSTINA.
p. 10, &c. Brunsvig. 1832), that the oration on nobles who supplicated the judges on behalf of
Corinth, commonly printed among those of Dion Scaurus in B. c. 54. After being divorced by her
Chrysostomus, is the work of Favorinus. The first husband, she married, towards the latter end
following are the titles of the principal works of B. c. 55, T. Annius Milo, and accompanied him
Ascribed to him: 1. Περί της καταληπτικής Φαν- on his journey to Lanuvium, when Clodius was
Tadias, probably consisting of three books, which murdered, B. C. 52. (Plut. Sull. 34; Cic. ad
were dedicated respectively to Hadrian, Dryson, Att. v. 8 ; Ascon. in Scaur. p. 29, in Milon. p. 33,
and Aristarchus. (Galen, vol. i. p. 6. ) 2. 'AAK - ed. Orelli. )
biáðns. (Galen, iv. p. 367. ) 3.