A world of
instruments
lies at the feet of this amorphous and imprecise greed, but it finds no real enjoyment in them.
Peter-Sloterdijk-Critique-of-Cynical-Reason
It is taught
for everybody and for nobody, not persuading, at most giving hints; it could also
be left completely unsaid, and under no circumstances does it want to be
"defended" like an opinion or a position. Its speech is like an attuning to a rhyth-
mic, pulsing cosmos. The world after all possesses its own gait and breathing,
and this earliest philosophy of polarity was only an unresisting breathing with the
in and out of the world. Between the "world law" of polarities and their under-
standing by the philosopher there is no gap. Thinkers, or better, "see-ers," do not
assume their "own" position and do not distinguish themselves as knowing sub-
jects from known phenomena. In the great world of these pulsations and polar
transformations, they do not appear as egos that could separate themselves from
this world and thereby fall into error. Everything they say also goes through
them, and it would be so whether they said it or not. As a final consequence, we
would have to call such a doctrine of polarity a philosophy without a subject.
Wherever this view reigns, there are basically only the rhythms, only the to and
fro of energies and opposed poles; for the separate ego of the human being there
remains no self-contained sphere. In relation to these rhythms, there is for human
beings only one valid stance: surrender. Understanding means to be in accord
with. Those who see that the world is harmony in strife will not struggle against
it. Wherever insight reigns, the subject of struggle has already faded. If, how-
ever, dialectics in this sense may really be called the "highest theory," it seems
to be argumentatively completely defenseless. In its free-floating contemplation,
it has relaxed to the most serene of all unprovability. Such wisdom is thus in no
w
18
If it is at all correct to call such philosophy of polarity dialectics
m any case of a cosmological-contemplative theory. In it there is nothing that re- minds one of the more modern "dialectical" subject-object relation. With respect to the polarities, human beings do not have a contradiction of their "own"; human beings do not face the polarities as a subject faces a thing; the individual human being can be at most a pole, subject among subjects, force among forces --
ay polemics but rather attunement and rhythmization.
it is a matter
378 ? TRANSCENDENTAL POLEMIC: HERACLITIAN MEDITATIONS
? Rene Magritte, Hegel's Holiday, 1959. ((C)S. P. A. D. E. M. Paris/V. A. G. A. , New York, 1987. )
inserted simultaneously unresistingly and actively in whatever happens. It is not endowed with the characteristic of counterposing itself to being as the self- glorying, autarkic other (subject). This begins only when the human world has become autonomous, when, with higher degrees of civilization and socialization, the polemical principle becomes tense and heats up, when oppression, violence, enmity, domination, war, ideology, martial arts, strategy, etc. , begin to form corresponding polemical subjects. These subjects undertake intensively the split- ting off of the other "pole" and make of it an "object. " This corresponds roughly to the polemicization of the id treated earlier. We then are no longer concerned merely with rhythms and polar oppositions but with military, political, social, ideological animosities. The principle of enmity encroaches on the formerly neu- tral poles. The force-force relation becomes ego-id, subject-object. From now on, the respective negative should no longer even show its face. In the polemics, the backlash of the other side should be put out of action. Thereby, however, the world of rhythmics is destroyed. Polemical dialectics, to be sure, tries to preserve a residue of polarity by emphasizing that the transit through the opposite pole is necessary. In fact, however, it affirms and carries on the polemics because it feels itself capable of a victory over the opposed principle. The reconciliations that di- alectics thought out for itself were second dominations, and the syntheses in thought had the function of disarming the second party and subordinating it. Only in logic does "negation of the negation" sound neutral and just. Only in logic can it seem that the antithesis has received its due before the negation of the negation brings about a synthesis. In reality, it is a matter of a preventive negation of the negation --in other words, the suffocation of the antithesis at its source. The an- tithesis does not unfold itself to an opposing pole but remains a mere "potential,"
TRANSCENDENTAL POLEMIC: HERACLITIAN MEDITATIONS ? 379
a suffocated and sleeping negation. For this reason, Adorno's negative dialectics designates not a "late degeneration" but a fundamental trait of dialectics.
Negative dialectics recognizes finally the dialectics of hindering. Hindering is the only ingredient that can be brought into the world of rhythms by the "sub- jects. " Wherever people's lives succeed, it happens not so much through combat- ive self-insistence but because they develop cultures in which rhythmical shapes can come into play without our interference. Creative life flourishes wherever we renounce our capacity to hinder. Thus, there are surely no hindered geniuses, just geniuses at hindering.
The "subject," born of manifold hindering and threatening of itself, can only interfere everywhere as hinderer, combatant, and producer of "objects. " In soci- ety, it arises out of the thousands of large and small restrictions, denials, defini- tions, enmities, inhibitions, and alien regulations that merge into its "identity. " To attack the subject means to drive it all the more into itself.
In exoteric form we recognize this only since the total arming of modern politi- cal subjects has brought the global destruction of the world into practical reach. The apparently most simple abstraction "struggle"("which expresses an ancient
19
relation valid for all societies"; Marx)
for the first time. Only at the peak of modernity does the identity of subjectivity and armament reveal itself to us. Only here do we have to do with "struggle as such," "struggle sans phrase. " What the great esoteric doctrines of this world have carried through the millennia with mysterious exuberance as their dangerous se- cret now steps out into the light of a demystified reflection in which we can say serenely what our defensiveness means. Only in modernity has life frozen so much into the defense of subjects that our thinking, late but not in vain, can achieve the true universal concept for such subjectivity. How life could really be becomes more deeply forgotten day by day in the unfolded system of hindrances. We could only be helped by that which helps us to disarm as subjects-on every level, in every sense.
However, insofar as the liquefaction of subjects, which was always the con- cern of inspired thinking, remains the decisive task of practical reason, philoso- phy too as theory of reason, also gains with this, its ultimate norm. A rationality that has offered its services to the hardening of subjects is already no longer ratio- nal. Reason that maintains us without extending us was not reason at all. Thus, mature rationality cannot elude "dialectical" becoming. In the end, the most rigor- ous thinking, as the mere thinking of a subject, must go beyond itself. It does not matter whether in this we bank on the self-reflection of a philosophy of conscious- ness, on the "communicative action" of a philosophy of language, metareligiously on meditative fusion, or aesthetically on playful transcendence: A rational-that is, a physiognomically sympathetic-reason will unconstrainedly intercept the decision from the inclinations of our bodies.
is therefore practically true for us today
380 ? TRANSCENDENT AL POLEMIC: HERACLITIAN MEDIT A TIONS
Notes
1. Those who do not understand this in time get onto the wrong track in many sciences. Many researchers have begun to study, say, art and literature as lovers of the "objects" and then, as profes- sors, only act out their hate against them because they fall into the stance of polemics, of nonsurrender to the objects, by having chosen the wrong type of exactitude.
2. There is a long tradition of attempts to confront two types of sciences or forms of knowledge: understanding or explanatory sciences, exact or inexact, sciences of the general or the particular, sciences of intellectual or natural objects, scientiae or artes. These oppositions are, to be sure, "plausi- ble," but the history of science shows that they become blurred. The present trend is toward a unified science (of the type of polemical objectification).
3. Thus, the enormous dislocations that have broken out today in basic physical, cosmological, and biological research in no way arise from some methodological considerations or other, but result rather from the scientist's being torn into the fascinating refractoriness of "things themselves. "
4. The conflict between intellect and feeling that typified the Enlightenment derives in part from the contest between the two tendencies: distancing and surrender, precedence of the subject, prece- dence of the object. All distance philosophers, from Descartes to Sartre, have therefore seriously dis- cussed the equally monstrous and characteristic question of how the ego can possibly establish whether, in the domain of non-ego, there exist other egos; thus, the problematic of "alien subjec- tivity. "
5. Heinrich Heine uses the overcoming of dualism as the foundation of his popular philosophical account Zur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie in Deutschland (On the history of religion and philosophy in Germany; 1835).
6. On this point, the Faust myth has something in common with the equally fascinating Don Juan myth. Both were allowed to go to excess. One sees what happens to them: in the end, the punishment of hell.
7. Were not also "pantheists" for a long time held pointblank to be worshippers of the Devil? "Whether among those whom the Devil himself has paid to annihilate all divine and human right some- one is to be found who in this work of destruction has been more active than this . . . swindler? " asks the Jena theology professor, Musaeus, with regard to Spinoza! Another Christian propagandist finds a work of Spinoza's to be "full of sacrilege and godlessness, truly worthy of being thrown back into the darkness of hell from where it has come into the light to damage and disgrace humankind. " Quoted after W. Weischedel, Die philosophische Hintertreppe. 34 grosse Philosophen in Alltag unci Denken, 8th ed. (Munich, 1981), p. 159.
8. It also gives cause for reflection that so-called anti-Semitism waxed strongest in the epoch when Jews gained an aggressive self-proclamation [coming out; --Trans. ] through the Zionist move- ment. This, of course, can be reversed.
9. For this reason, the famous Freudian comparison of psychoanalysis with the draining of the Zuidersee is, strictly speaking, erroneous; it is still too colored by engineering, conceived too much according to the model of polemical medicine (sickness as enemy). The id-sea never dries up-but is it not already a lot when one has learned to sail on it?
10. This alludes to the first volume of the three-volume recollections of the conservative Munich Weltanschauung writer, Oskar A. H. Schmitz, Die Geister des Houses, Jugenderinnerungen (Munich, 1925)-remarkable above all because Schmitz had undergone a psychoanalytic cure with Freud's pupil, Abraham, and tried to integrate experiences from his (failed) analysis into his autobiog- raphy. Some comments on Schmitz are also to be found in my book Literatur und Lebenserfahrung- Autobiographien der 20er Jahre (Munich, 1978, pp. 229ff.
11. Not: "What is dialectics? " For those who pose this question do not begin where they really stand intellectually, namely, at the insight that they are participating in the dispute around dialectics,
TRANSCENDENTAL POLEMIC: HERACLITIAN MEDITATIONS ? 381
so to speak, moving in the dialectic of the dialectic. Those who pose this question will probably remain stuck with it.
12. Dialectics would then be restricted to the group of statements that can have antitheses, that is, to "problematic" statements with metaphysical or normative contents with which one can in fact at first, and even in the long run, provide grounds for this view just as well as for that view. Besides this, there is a broad group of statements that cannot have antitheses, which are not problematic, but which can or must be unambiguously decided one way or the other. These would be statements with- out metaphysical or normative content, thus, either purely empirical or purely logical assertions. There can be no argument about them. Conclusion: Where people argue, metaphysics or ethics is in- volved. Kant's transcendental dialectics describes the sphere of assertions capable of antithesis as a sphere of metaphysical illusion; accordingly, he is the model of a thinker who thinks dialectically and nondialectically at the same time.
13. Hegel's ruins repeatedly attract the interest of critical squatters; they are regularly followed by positivistic eviction orders.
14. Therefore, H. G. Gadamer's thesis that dialectics has to be "taken back" into dialogics and hermeneutics is aesthetically truncated. The polemical far exceeds the dialogical. Who would think of a "hermeneutics of war"? Of a theory of "armed argumentation"? Of a "dialogic" of the breaking off of dialogue--to say nothing of the absurdities of a "hermeneutics of capital" or a "dialogic of ad- ministration"?
15. See chapter 2.
16. With Hegel, who has worked himself incomparably deeply into the schizophrenia of this dou- ble ego, there are even grammatical reflexes of this structure, sentences whose subjects stand in the first person, the predicate in the third person.
17. See chapter 8, the second section; chapter 7, "The Grand Inquisitor"; chapter 9, "Exchange Cynicism"; chapter 3, "Critique of the Idealistic Superstructure"; chapter 4, "Marxist Elegy"; as well as chapter 26.
18. Because I have no philological intentions, I have not tracked it down in a specific philosopher, but have constructed it in its ideal-typical form; however, I have done this in such a way that Asiatic rather than European figures of thought-insofar as I can say anything about them-shine through.
19. This formulation in Marx (in the introduction to the Grundrisse) refers to the abstract concept of labor developed by Adam Smith. Ironically, the dialectician, Marx, has not provided us with even the most simple general concept of the polemical. He would only have been able to furnish this if he had "developed further" not only from philosophy to the critique of political economy, but also from the latter back to philosophy. In this gap, Lenin's principled terrorism was able to fatefully unfurl.
IV. Historical Main Text
384 ? THE WEIMAR SYMPTOM
The Weimar Symptom:
Models of Consciousness in German Modernity
On the whole, a reading of the thing induces fear, and that not so much because of the horrors but rather because of the com- plete security with which the secret contract that exists between people is broken. The impression is roughly as if someone in the room would raise their voice and say, "Since we are now as animals together among ourselves . . . "
Ernst Jiinger, Grausame Biicher, in Das abenteuerliche Herz
Cynicism, as has been shown, forms a basic figure of the revocation of values in the historical process of combatant consciousnesses. In it, the "ideologies" awaken to themselves. Ostentatiously, they scintillate in malevolent ineluctabil- ity. In the course of history, periods that are especially prone to cynicism emerge, said Marxistically, periods of declining class domination--epochs of an ideology that has become reflexive in which the norms and dogmas of culture, buffered by self-irony, begin to play with their inner contradictions. In human history to date, the becoming-reflective of false and malevolent states of consciousness was al- ways a culturally pathological symptom--an expression of the fact that the ruling strata had entered into a morbid stage tending to decadence and indiscriminate disinhibition. In this point, Oswald Spengler, no matter what one thinks of him, has made statements of perplexing physiognomic precision. It is a matter of late
periods, when original forces, value-stable naivete, and more primitive tensions of will in a culturally dominating stratum have been consumed by strategic learn- ing processes. Cynically disposed, therefore, are the times of hollow gestures and artfully prearranged phraseology where, under very official word, private reser- vations, opposed worlds, and ironies are hidden and where, under public an- nouncements, mute submonologues flow, about which only the initiated, the cocorrupted, codecadent, coironist knows something. The smile of the augurs is also the smile of declining ruling classes.
My essay on the Weimar Republic consciously avoids the pathographic vocabulary of cultural critique just as much as the hypocritical soundness of those all too self-certain philosophies of history that straightaway talk of decadence and putrefaction as soon as the individuals in a culture become more reflective, sensi- tive, fractured, and conscious of problems. The phenomenon of reflective ideol- ogy is not quite identical with degeneration. When naivete declines and soberness ascends, that does not have to mean the decline of the West. In any case, moralism and swamp metaphors do not suffice. Even Ernst Bloch, who has also written more subtle things on this problem in general and on the "Weimar Symptom" in particular (in Inheritance of These Times), sometimes speaks from this somewhat
THE WEIMAR SYMPTOM D 385
too certain, too "healthy" perspective: "putrefying ideology in the declining times of a class society . . . already conscious false consciousness, consequently de- ception" (Das Prinzip Hoffnung, vol. I, p. 169). This way of seeing presumes a psychostructure in which it would be just a short step from the uncovering of the "swindle," that is, from the making conscious of the "putrefying ideology" to the pithy truth. Today's situation is far removed from this, psychologically as well as sociologically, and today scarcely anybody still deludes himself that he has a firm relationship with the truth. A pre- or postmorbid stage expands into a new normality. After a hundred-year-long crisis, the word "crisis" is as wilted as the individuals who once were supposed to be shaken up by it. The modern, reflec- tively cynical structures have obviously survived the motley phases of decadence: The gray cynicisms of modern matter-of-factness too are still cynicisms, even when they no longer have anything of the great pose of aristocratic morbidity, of aestheticism, or dandyism or of the spiritually decayed life-style of overbred late-bourgeois individualities. We live today in a cynicism from which absolutely no flowers of evil sprout, no grand cold gazes and fireworks in the abyss. Instead, cement cities, bureau-democracy, listlessness, endless mediocrity, administra- tion of deplorable states of affairs, lamenting prattle about responsibility, miserly pessimism, and insipid ironies. It may be that we will have to put up with this "spirit" for a long time. That is a mentality that is not even decadent because it was not preceded by any high point from which it could decline. What today is cynical has long since been sliding along unperturbed in this style.
As we have said, there is no longer any "exposure" that corresponds to reflec- tive ideology. No critique can cope with gelatinous realism, for critique cannot achieve any validity when it is not confronted by an ignorance. In diffusely cyni- cal consciousness, no genuine ignorance reigns, only an inner splintering, un- reachable by any sort of enlightenment, and a conscious semidarkness that in its gloom still finds the energy, God knows where, to go on. Even a critique that it- self becomes cynical in order to smash the predominating cynicism is deflected. In exactly this way, incidentally, we could summarize critique in the Weimar Republic in the shortest possible formula.
The Weimar Republic is one of those historical phenomena through which we can best study how the modernization of a society has to be paid for. Enormous technical achievements are exchanged for an increasing uneasiness, in the uncul- ture; conveniences of civilization for the feeling of meaninglessness. Huge enter- prises shoot up, but in the half-shadow the question remains: What is the meaning of it all, and what does it have to do with me? In the intelligentsia, which con- sciously went through and participated in the process, there is no longer anywhere a "false consciousness" in the simple sense but rather dissolute consciousness on all sides. Because nothing is "sacred" to this consciousness anymore, it becomes greedy.
A world of instruments lies at the feet of this amorphous and imprecise greed, but it finds no real enjoyment in them.
386 ? THE WEIMAR SYMPTOM
In the Weimar culture--as I hinted in chapter 1 --cynicism finds a more salient language than today. Then cynicism was acidic and productive, whereas today it expresses itself only in the no-thanks style, sullenly or bureaucratically. For the leaders of Weimar culture, in spite of everything that happened, reveal an inti- mate proximity to the heights of values and the ideals of the metaphysical tradi- tions, whose collapse is now writ large in thousands of bold and fresh, aggressive disillusionments and dismantlings. Kynical and cynical elements are to be found in almost all the progressive aesthetics of the time, not to mention the petit- bourgeois phenomena of disinhibition on the martial-political level (fascism). Among the productive spirits of the time there are not a few who take it on them- selves to articulate their disappointments, their derision, and their new, grand coldness in aggressive art forms. They create an expressive language in which negativity and modernity, unhappiness and conscious contemporaneity become almost identical. From this circle come grand poses, individuals holding firm in a glaringly unholy reality. Here, the First World War can still be seen as an event in the history of metaphysics --in a certain way as the militaristic commentary on Nietzsche's "God is dead. " The ego after the war is an inheritance without testa- ment and is almost inevitably doomed to cynicism. Once again, it throws itself into grand expressive postures: aesthetic autonomy in dismemberment; destruc- tion of oneself in the general destruction; a superior mien even when being torn apart; cold affirmation of relations that deny our dream of life; the coldness of the world outdone by the coldness of art. Weimar art cynics train themselves to play masters of the situation, while the situation in fact is one in which things have gotten out of control and sovereignty is no longer possible. They practice elevat- ing themselves above the absurd, the inconceivable, and above what has long since been seen through. They impudently place their poses against the equally overwhelming and mediocre destiny of the period: cynically allowing themselves to be swept along--Hey, we're alive. The modernization of unhappy con- sciousness.
Chapter 12
Weimar Crystallization: Transition of a Period from Recollection into History
Three-quarters of your literature and your entire philosophy are expressions ofdiscontent.
Bruno Frank, Politische Novelle (1928)
In the course of the decade during which I have occupied myself with Weimar culture, an initially very quiet mistrust regarding research on the Weimar period developed that gradually has been transformed into a well-founded theoretical doubt. The more I read, the more uncertain I become about whether we are at all in a position to say anything sensible about the culture and the consciousness of those years from 1918 to 1933. The more research undertaken, the clearer this doubt becomes. The existence of a series of exceptional scientific analyses and accounts does not change this in any way. The doubt is related not to the possibil- ity of giving a historically critical account of this or that aspect of the cultural life of this time but to our ability to assume a sensible stance toward our continuity and discontinuity with Weimar. This can be understood as the expression of a dis- quiet stemming from the "philosophy of history. "
There are two easily distinguishable points of access to Weimar: a nostalgic- archaeological one and an apologetic-political one. The first leads through the literature consisting of memoirs to the oral tradition of older people and finally to the projective curiosity of present-day marginal political groups. According to this perspective, there was a time in Germany when life was "still interesting," when politics and culture proceeded dramatically, vitally, tumultuously, full of ups and downs --as if histrionics had been the common denominator of a whole gamut of social manifestations of life- from expressionism to Marlene Dietrich's spectacular legs in The Blue Angel, from the bloody comedy about the Hitler putsch in 1923 to The Threepenny Opera, from the impressive Rathenau burial in 1922 to the villainous staged arson against the Reichstag in 1933. The perma-
387
388 ? WEIMAR CRYSTALLIZATION
nent crisis, spoken about by everyone, proved itself to be a good director who knew how to arrange eye-catching effects. In addition to the nostalgia of the recollectors, we also observe a pronounced homesickness on the left for the Wei- mar Republic, where there was indeed a highly remarkable spectrum of political culture--from the leftist liberalism of Tucholsky, Ossietzky, Kastner, Heinrich Mann, etc. , to authors and sympathizers of social democracy and communism up to the leftist radicals, anarchists, and independent Marxists such as Benjamin Korsch,Brecht,anduptotheearlyCriticalTheory . . . TheWeimarRepublic became something like a playground for leftist historicism, an exercise field for retrospective allegiances and commitments, as if it were useful to know, at least after the event, to which side one would have beaten a path. Because the connec- tion to the ideas and potentials of Weimar culture was cut off by the Third Reich and the restoration of the Adenauer period, the New Left had to construct a quasi- archaeological access to the buried layers of German political culture. Archival work, skimming, reading; what came to light was impressive: An interrupted tra- dition had to, in a certain sense, exhume itself, and discovered to its surprise that everything had already been there once before--our entire intellectual "identity"
under the rubble.
The second point of access to Weimar chooses fascism, the rule of national socialism, as its perspective. Here, the interest is almost completely apologetic and didactic: why this or that party or person had to act in that way; why Nazi fascism could not have been stopped or how it could have been hindered; why everything was as terrible as it was. Weimar appears in this light as prefascism, the period before Hitler. This how-was-it-possible literature already comprises libraries. In it, Weimar functions as an augury of political ethics-what flourishes when a democratic middle is lacking, when illiberal forces become too strong, when the workers' parties mutilate each other, when monopoly capital does not know how to go on, etc. A line of authors knew "even then" the truth, but unfor- tunately did not gain influence; another line, admittedly, made "errors," back then, but today it knows the correct view. Weimar thus serves on all sides as a political-moral history class from which everyone can learn. Democrats in East and West Germany compete against one another in the posture of those who have learned from the mistakes of the past. Because today the generation of eyewit-
nesses is aging and dying out, nothing stands in the way of a political pedagogi- fication of those years anymore --except perhaps the academicization.
Doubts arise concerning both ways of proceeding. Could it not be the case that to date only a research in the "mirror stage" [Lacan; --Trans. ] has resulted from them, which lingers under the spell of naive relations of "interests" to the "object. Projection, apologetics, overcoming, nostalgia, salvation: They are all positions and images in a historical gallery of mirrors. "What you call the spirit of the times / That is the masters' own spirit / In which the times mirror one another" (Faust
WEIMAR CRYSTALLIZATION ? 389
I). Is then the "object Weimar" visible at all for us? Can we already try out ways of seeing other than merely nostalgic, projective, apologetic, and didactic ones? I think the specific forms of consciousness of Weimar culture are beginning to become visible for us again through the prism of the cynicism of our time, which is now coming into its own. The clearer the modern cynical structure be- comes for us, the more we gain the optics that belongs to the innermost core of the object. We then see the Weimar culture as the essential "founding period" of this cynical structure in its culturally dominating dimension. Back then for the first time, strategic immoralisms seeped out of the previously hermetically sealed milieus into collective consciousness, and what previously was regarded as the trade secrets of realpolitik, of diplomacy, chiefs of staff, secret services, or- ganized crime, prostitution, and the direction of enterprises is now taken up by a blatant rage for the truth and placed irrevocably in the twilight of "open secrets. "
As long as we do not explicitly grasp what cynicism is, the essence of Weimar culture must escape us. Our self-reflection, therefore, has precedence over historiography. As naive historiography, it has already come up against its limits. Only a more precise self-reflection again makes possible a more profound histori- cal experience--if we then think it is necessary. But conversely, one must have absorbed in long studies the specific scent of Weimar and Fascist cynicism in or- der to recognize that structures are at work in them that live on and connect us with our past. Historical objects do not simply "exist"--they emerge through the development of the eye.
Another doubt about the usual accounts of Weimar is a pure reflex of the study of the sources. In reading the documents, the impression is awakened that many texts of that time were written on a far more elevated plane of reflection, insight, and expression than the later cultural histories "about" them. The latter often profit only through distance in time, and their only way of being cleverer comes from the later perspective. That is, however, the insidiousness of the Weimar ob- ject. We cannot simply talk about this period as if its contemporaries had not al- ready said enough about themselves. In its extraordinary achievements in articu- lation, Weimar culture, in spite of many counterexamples, stands before us as the most self-aware epoch of history; it was a highly reflective, thoughtful, imagina- tive, and expressive age that is thoroughly plowed up by the most manifold self- observations and self-analyses. If we simply speak "about" it, we all too easily go right past it. Our commentary risks summarizing things that exceed our under- standing because the self-understanding in the texts has often climbed to such heights that a later period cannot automatically assume that its powers of under- standing could again reach the earlier peaks. (This holds, of course, not only for the culture of these years but especially for it. ) I think I can show how, in the vari- ous areas of Weimar culture, a summit of cynical structures was reached that only now, from the perspective of the disillusioned, kynical-cynical, crisis-conscious Zeitgeist of the late seventies and early eighties, can be brought into view. The
390 ? WEIMAR CRYSTALLIZATION
periods understand each other over a stretch of half a century on the basis of the reconstructed proximity of experience. As far as self-reflection disorders, clever irritabilities, and pensive demoralizations are concerned, they have again become congenial to one another. That is expressed positively but describes a threatening phenomenon. Here we are working with a hypothesis that we think is right but that we hope, like a self-destroying prophecy, will sublate itself namely, that such structures articulate typical features of interludes between wars, in which no in- telligence and no goodwill suffice to stop catastrophic tendencies in the system.
The method of presentation is associative and simultaneously construing. For it, extensive quotations are fundamental. I would like to communicate to the reader something of the perplexity that can be summoned through a pure reading --of course, in a prepared context. The themes are relatively mul- tifaceted; they are not pursued to their end anywhere. Every chapter has to remain a hint. Altogether, a methodically thought-out labyrinth results, as if we could gain knowledge of an epoch by going through texts from that time as through and between the mirrored walls of a carnival fun house. Any other way would not succeed. I want to make an object more comprehensible by showing how, in its own inner many-sidedness and fracturedness, it exceeds our normal powers of understanding. What we need is a logical and historical "cubism," a simultaneity in thinking and in seeing. In daily life, we are not deranged [verriickt, meaning also "displaced"; - Trans. ] enough to get a proper perspective on the derangement that has coagulated to normality of our everyday life and our history. One can thus read the "Weimar Symptom" as a methodological adventure --as a journey through the madness from which we come.
Chapter 13
Dadaistic Chaotology: Semantic Cynicisms
1. Around a fireball races a pellet of dung on which ladies' stockings are sold and Gauguins valued . . .
78. A swift kick for the cosmos! Vive Dada! ! !
Walter Serner, Letzte Lockerung (1918-20)
We have the right to every diversion, whether it be in words, in forms, colors, sounds; but all this is a glorious bit of nonsense
that we consciously love and prepare--a huge irony, like life it- self; the exact technique of finally comprehended senselessness as the meaning of the world.
Raoul Hausmann, Des deutsche Spiesser drgert sich
Hindendorf Ludenburg are not historical names. There is only one historical name: Baader.
Johannes Baader, Reklame fur rnich Everything should live--but one thing must cease: the citizen.
Richard Huelsenbeck
With Dada, the first neokynicism of the twentieth century strides on stage. Its thrust is directed against everything that takes itself "seriously"--whether it be in the area of culture and the arts, in politics or in public life. Nothing else in our century has so furiously smashed the esprit de serieux as the Dadaist babble. Dada is basically neither an art movement nor an anti-art movement, but a radical "phil-
1
osophical action. " It practices the art of a militant irony.
From bourgeois "institution art" (Peter Burger), Dada makes a claim only on
that motif that had given the arts their philosophical momentum in the bourgeois century: that of the amoralist freedom of expression. But art had long since ceased to be what it had been at its center and in its neokynical founding phase (i. e. , in the bourgeois Sturm und Drang of the eighteenth century-a medium of expres- sion for the "truth. " What the Dadaists saw before them was an art of the aes-
391
392 ? DADAISTIC CHAOTOLOGY: SEMANTIC CYNICISMS
theticistic type, an artists' art that took itself totally and ceremoniously seriously, a substitute religion and a means for beautifying the "hideous bourgeois-capitalist reality. " The Dadaists, therefore, simply rehabilitated the philosophical impulse of the arts --their will to truth --in a counterattack against its submersion by aes- thetics, finesse, and elitist vanities. With an act of violence, they equated art with what at that time was called contemptuously "arts and crafts" --with that innocu- ous decorative art that accommodated the need of the upright citizen (Spiesser) for being cheered up and for diversion from reality. For the supporters of the avant-garde, by contrast, reality smacked of the rawest negativity, and it could thus happen that the peaceful and antimilitarist Dada people of Zurich in 1916 (almost without exception emigrants from warring countries) even reckoned the pacifists among their enemies because they, disgracefully unrealistic, merely counterposed an ideal of peace to reality. Here, the handwriting of kynical modernity appears for the first time: affirmation of reality as reality in order to be able to smash in the face everything that is merely "aesthetic thinking. "
The handicraft artisans from all of Zurich began a resolute campaign against us. That was the most beautiful thing: Now we knew whom we had to deal with. We were against the pacifists because the war had given us the possibility to exist at all in our entire glory. And at that time, the pacifiists were even more respectable than today, where every stupid kid wants to exploit the conjuncture with his books against the times. We were for the war, and today Dadaism is still for war. Things have to collide; things are not proceeding nearly as horribly as they should.
Those were the words with which Richard Huelsenbeck obliged his audience in his first Dada speech in Germany (Berlin, February 1918). Morally we will probably never be able to come to terms with such a text, psychologically scarcely any better. We must first gain experience with ironical-polemical ways of speak- ing in order to comprehend Huelsenbeck's way of proceeding: He was trying out the new tactics on an immeasurably ticklish subject, namely, the art of declaring oneself, in an ironic, dirty way, to be in agreement with the worst possible things. With cynical speeches he produced an ego beyond good and evil that wanted to be like its mad epoch.
At that time, the war was still raging on all fronts. Western "values" were "collapsing"-like the German Western front at that time and, beyond that, a whole age that will be called the bourgeois period: the aged nineteenth century. In the battles of matter of the World War, Europe experienced the "return of the repressed"--the return of the beast out of the false peace of an imperialist, re- spectable bourgeoisie. The bourgeois spirit of progress had been an irrealism; it was answered by what had been denied for all too long, in fearful explosions. Af- ter Nietzsche, the Dadaists were the first who tried to take up the return of the
DADAISTIC CHAOTOLOGY: SEMANTIC CYNICISMS ? 393
4 DER BLUTIGEERNST'eo l JAM A UiNUKM WOCKEMICHMIPT HIMUICFBE*: <<<<i EINSTEIN. GEORai &aosi
Arbeiten und nicht verzweifdnl SONDERNUMMER IV. DIESCHIEBER
Bloody Earnest: "Work and don't despair! " (Special Issue IV: "The Racketeers"). ((C)S. P. A. D. E. M. , Paris/V. A. G. A. , New York, 1987. )
repressed from a positive angle. In doing so, they gave the artistic right to unin- hibited "free" expression a new twist. Between the mentality of the generals, who are respectably for war, and the mentality of the pacifists, who are respectably against it, the Dadaists erected a maliciously clashing third position "free" of all scruples: to be unrespectably for it.
Dada draws a part of its driving force from the feeling of seeing the world in an indomitably sober way. One assumes a pathetic positivistic air. One unrelent- ingly separates "naked facts" from phrases, mere culture from hard reality.
"We propagate no ethics, which always remain ideal (swindle). . . . We want to arrange economy and sexuality rationally, and we don't give a damn about culture, which was not a palpable thing. We want its demise. . . . We want the world to be moved and movable, turmoilin- stead of calm --away with all chairs, to hell with feelings and noble gestures.
? Hausmann, Der deutsche Spiesser drgert sich
live in their rhythm.
394 ? DADAISTIC CHAOTOLOGY: SEMANTIC CYNICISMS
In the Dadaist Manifesto we read:
The word Dada symbolizes the most primitive relation to the surround- ing reality; with Dadaism, a new reality comes into its right. Life ap- pears as a simultaneous whirr of sounds, colors and spiritual rhythms that is taken over into Dadaist art together with all sensational screams and fevers, its audacious everyday psyche and its entire brutal reality.
In Dadaism, individuals consciously execute for the first time the inversion of the modern ego-world relationship characteristic of all modern subjectivity: Kynical individuals put an end to the pose of the self-sufficient creative artist (gen- ius), the world thinker (philosopher), the expansive entrepreneur; rather, they consciously let themselves be driven along by what is given. If what drives us is brutal, then so are we. Dada does not look onto an ordered cosmos. What is important for it is presence of mind in the chaos. In the middle of the murderous tumult, every pose of a great thinker, as was usual in the calmly excited Lebens-
philosophien of the time, would have been senseless. Dada demanded from exis- tence (Dasein) an absolute simultaneity with the tendencies of its own time-- existential avant-garde. Only what was most advanced lived with Dada on one time line: war as mobilization and self-disinhibition; the most advanced destruc- tive procedures even into the arts; an tipsy chology, antibourgeoisie. It is the pa- thos of truth in this current to have the times in one's nerves and to think and to
2
We can hear a philosophical echo here; namely, Dada anticipates motifs of Heidegger's existential ontology, which, for its part, criticizes the lie of the sub- ject in the European philosophy of domination on the highest conceptual plane. The ego is not the master of the world but lives in it under the sign of thrownness (Geworfenheit); we make at most "projections" (Entwurfe), but these too are in turn "projected projects" (geworfene Entwurfe), so that primarily a passive struc-
ture toward being holds true. Next door we hear:
To be a Dadaist means to let oneself be thrown by things, to be against every formation of a sediment, to have sat for a moment on the chair means: to have brought life into danger.
dadaistisches manifest (leaflet, 1918)
The idea could occur to us that existential ontology is an academic catching up to "Dada philosophy" or "Dadaology"--whereby Martin Heidegger would have contested the status of head Dada held by the master, Johannes Baader, with enormous success. The secret of Heidegger's success touches the point that con- stitutes the "failure" of Dada: respectability. Instead of the unrespectably glitter- ing productions of Dadaist "projected" artists of life and politicking satyrs, projectedness in its respectable variant won out.
The Dada attack has both a kynical and a cynical aspect. The atmosphere of
DADAISTIC CHAOTOLOGY: SEMANTIC CYNICISMS ? 395
the first is playful and productive, childish and childlike, wise, generous, ironi- cal, sovereign, unassailably realistic; the second aspect reveals strong destructive tensions, hate and haughty defensive reactions against the internalized fetish of the citizen, considerable projection, and a dynamic of affects of contempt and dis- appointment, self-hardening and loss of irony. It is not easy to separate these two aspects. They make the Dada phenomenon as a whole into a scintillating complex that evades simple evaluations and uncomplicated emotional responses. Dada also behaves ambiguously toward fascism: With its kynical elements, Dada be- longs definitely to antifascism and to the logic and "aesthetic of resistance. " With its cynical elements, by contrast, it leans toward the prefascist aesthetics of anni- hilation that wants to enjoy the intoxication of demolition to the full. Dada tends to struggle against the "bloody earnestness"--which, however, with its aggressive aspects, lies deep within Dada itself. The Dadaists by no means succeeded in treating their own motives ironically: In their ironic poses, much unfree destruc- tiveness remained stuck and in their way of letting themselves go, a lot of resis- tance and self-hardening could be demonstrated.
"Dadasophy" develops here and there mystically ironic visions that celebrate life in its undivided fullness, but these are despairingly exaggerated in tone, as in the proclamation of the chief Dada, Johannes Baader.
"A Dadaist is someone who loves life in all its limitless shapes and who knows and says: Not only here, but also there, there, there, (da, da, da) is life! The genuine Dadaist thus also masters(? ) the whole regis- ter(! ) of human expressions of life, starting with grotesque self- persiflage up to the most holy word of the church service on the ball, called earth, which has become mature and which belongs to all people.
Even in such megalomaniac hymns of the sect's chieftain, Baader, who proclaimed himself president of the universe, the typical attempts of a more en- compassing affirmation appear, in which Dada irony fits well with the kynical as- pect of religion (see the works on mysticism by Dadaists, especially Hugo Ball).
In Dadaism, a provisional philosophy of Yes is attempted that refers, above all, to the concrete, momentary, droll, and creative energy of the Dada in- dividual. The Yes holds for the state of the world, which it treats ironically, but even more for the lived moment, in which the miracle of an eternal, fleeting pres- ent and the existentialist paradox of the inner "duration," simultaneously per-
3
meated and untouched by the turbulence in the world, are realized. superstructure must be annihilated so that this vital-dynamic element can step into the foreground. The Dadaists thus often see even in expressionism only the con- tinuation of German idealism: "nauseous mystification of things, called expres- sionism. "
The first expressionist, a person who invented "inner freedom," was a
The cultural
396 ?
for everybody and for nobody, not persuading, at most giving hints; it could also
be left completely unsaid, and under no circumstances does it want to be
"defended" like an opinion or a position. Its speech is like an attuning to a rhyth-
mic, pulsing cosmos. The world after all possesses its own gait and breathing,
and this earliest philosophy of polarity was only an unresisting breathing with the
in and out of the world. Between the "world law" of polarities and their under-
standing by the philosopher there is no gap. Thinkers, or better, "see-ers," do not
assume their "own" position and do not distinguish themselves as knowing sub-
jects from known phenomena. In the great world of these pulsations and polar
transformations, they do not appear as egos that could separate themselves from
this world and thereby fall into error. Everything they say also goes through
them, and it would be so whether they said it or not. As a final consequence, we
would have to call such a doctrine of polarity a philosophy without a subject.
Wherever this view reigns, there are basically only the rhythms, only the to and
fro of energies and opposed poles; for the separate ego of the human being there
remains no self-contained sphere. In relation to these rhythms, there is for human
beings only one valid stance: surrender. Understanding means to be in accord
with. Those who see that the world is harmony in strife will not struggle against
it. Wherever insight reigns, the subject of struggle has already faded. If, how-
ever, dialectics in this sense may really be called the "highest theory," it seems
to be argumentatively completely defenseless. In its free-floating contemplation,
it has relaxed to the most serene of all unprovability. Such wisdom is thus in no
w
18
If it is at all correct to call such philosophy of polarity dialectics
m any case of a cosmological-contemplative theory. In it there is nothing that re- minds one of the more modern "dialectical" subject-object relation. With respect to the polarities, human beings do not have a contradiction of their "own"; human beings do not face the polarities as a subject faces a thing; the individual human being can be at most a pole, subject among subjects, force among forces --
ay polemics but rather attunement and rhythmization.
it is a matter
378 ? TRANSCENDENTAL POLEMIC: HERACLITIAN MEDITATIONS
? Rene Magritte, Hegel's Holiday, 1959. ((C)S. P. A. D. E. M. Paris/V. A. G. A. , New York, 1987. )
inserted simultaneously unresistingly and actively in whatever happens. It is not endowed with the characteristic of counterposing itself to being as the self- glorying, autarkic other (subject). This begins only when the human world has become autonomous, when, with higher degrees of civilization and socialization, the polemical principle becomes tense and heats up, when oppression, violence, enmity, domination, war, ideology, martial arts, strategy, etc. , begin to form corresponding polemical subjects. These subjects undertake intensively the split- ting off of the other "pole" and make of it an "object. " This corresponds roughly to the polemicization of the id treated earlier. We then are no longer concerned merely with rhythms and polar oppositions but with military, political, social, ideological animosities. The principle of enmity encroaches on the formerly neu- tral poles. The force-force relation becomes ego-id, subject-object. From now on, the respective negative should no longer even show its face. In the polemics, the backlash of the other side should be put out of action. Thereby, however, the world of rhythmics is destroyed. Polemical dialectics, to be sure, tries to preserve a residue of polarity by emphasizing that the transit through the opposite pole is necessary. In fact, however, it affirms and carries on the polemics because it feels itself capable of a victory over the opposed principle. The reconciliations that di- alectics thought out for itself were second dominations, and the syntheses in thought had the function of disarming the second party and subordinating it. Only in logic does "negation of the negation" sound neutral and just. Only in logic can it seem that the antithesis has received its due before the negation of the negation brings about a synthesis. In reality, it is a matter of a preventive negation of the negation --in other words, the suffocation of the antithesis at its source. The an- tithesis does not unfold itself to an opposing pole but remains a mere "potential,"
TRANSCENDENTAL POLEMIC: HERACLITIAN MEDITATIONS ? 379
a suffocated and sleeping negation. For this reason, Adorno's negative dialectics designates not a "late degeneration" but a fundamental trait of dialectics.
Negative dialectics recognizes finally the dialectics of hindering. Hindering is the only ingredient that can be brought into the world of rhythms by the "sub- jects. " Wherever people's lives succeed, it happens not so much through combat- ive self-insistence but because they develop cultures in which rhythmical shapes can come into play without our interference. Creative life flourishes wherever we renounce our capacity to hinder. Thus, there are surely no hindered geniuses, just geniuses at hindering.
The "subject," born of manifold hindering and threatening of itself, can only interfere everywhere as hinderer, combatant, and producer of "objects. " In soci- ety, it arises out of the thousands of large and small restrictions, denials, defini- tions, enmities, inhibitions, and alien regulations that merge into its "identity. " To attack the subject means to drive it all the more into itself.
In exoteric form we recognize this only since the total arming of modern politi- cal subjects has brought the global destruction of the world into practical reach. The apparently most simple abstraction "struggle"("which expresses an ancient
19
relation valid for all societies"; Marx)
for the first time. Only at the peak of modernity does the identity of subjectivity and armament reveal itself to us. Only here do we have to do with "struggle as such," "struggle sans phrase. " What the great esoteric doctrines of this world have carried through the millennia with mysterious exuberance as their dangerous se- cret now steps out into the light of a demystified reflection in which we can say serenely what our defensiveness means. Only in modernity has life frozen so much into the defense of subjects that our thinking, late but not in vain, can achieve the true universal concept for such subjectivity. How life could really be becomes more deeply forgotten day by day in the unfolded system of hindrances. We could only be helped by that which helps us to disarm as subjects-on every level, in every sense.
However, insofar as the liquefaction of subjects, which was always the con- cern of inspired thinking, remains the decisive task of practical reason, philoso- phy too as theory of reason, also gains with this, its ultimate norm. A rationality that has offered its services to the hardening of subjects is already no longer ratio- nal. Reason that maintains us without extending us was not reason at all. Thus, mature rationality cannot elude "dialectical" becoming. In the end, the most rigor- ous thinking, as the mere thinking of a subject, must go beyond itself. It does not matter whether in this we bank on the self-reflection of a philosophy of conscious- ness, on the "communicative action" of a philosophy of language, metareligiously on meditative fusion, or aesthetically on playful transcendence: A rational-that is, a physiognomically sympathetic-reason will unconstrainedly intercept the decision from the inclinations of our bodies.
is therefore practically true for us today
380 ? TRANSCENDENT AL POLEMIC: HERACLITIAN MEDIT A TIONS
Notes
1. Those who do not understand this in time get onto the wrong track in many sciences. Many researchers have begun to study, say, art and literature as lovers of the "objects" and then, as profes- sors, only act out their hate against them because they fall into the stance of polemics, of nonsurrender to the objects, by having chosen the wrong type of exactitude.
2. There is a long tradition of attempts to confront two types of sciences or forms of knowledge: understanding or explanatory sciences, exact or inexact, sciences of the general or the particular, sciences of intellectual or natural objects, scientiae or artes. These oppositions are, to be sure, "plausi- ble," but the history of science shows that they become blurred. The present trend is toward a unified science (of the type of polemical objectification).
3. Thus, the enormous dislocations that have broken out today in basic physical, cosmological, and biological research in no way arise from some methodological considerations or other, but result rather from the scientist's being torn into the fascinating refractoriness of "things themselves. "
4. The conflict between intellect and feeling that typified the Enlightenment derives in part from the contest between the two tendencies: distancing and surrender, precedence of the subject, prece- dence of the object. All distance philosophers, from Descartes to Sartre, have therefore seriously dis- cussed the equally monstrous and characteristic question of how the ego can possibly establish whether, in the domain of non-ego, there exist other egos; thus, the problematic of "alien subjec- tivity. "
5. Heinrich Heine uses the overcoming of dualism as the foundation of his popular philosophical account Zur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie in Deutschland (On the history of religion and philosophy in Germany; 1835).
6. On this point, the Faust myth has something in common with the equally fascinating Don Juan myth. Both were allowed to go to excess. One sees what happens to them: in the end, the punishment of hell.
7. Were not also "pantheists" for a long time held pointblank to be worshippers of the Devil? "Whether among those whom the Devil himself has paid to annihilate all divine and human right some- one is to be found who in this work of destruction has been more active than this . . . swindler? " asks the Jena theology professor, Musaeus, with regard to Spinoza! Another Christian propagandist finds a work of Spinoza's to be "full of sacrilege and godlessness, truly worthy of being thrown back into the darkness of hell from where it has come into the light to damage and disgrace humankind. " Quoted after W. Weischedel, Die philosophische Hintertreppe. 34 grosse Philosophen in Alltag unci Denken, 8th ed. (Munich, 1981), p. 159.
8. It also gives cause for reflection that so-called anti-Semitism waxed strongest in the epoch when Jews gained an aggressive self-proclamation [coming out; --Trans. ] through the Zionist move- ment. This, of course, can be reversed.
9. For this reason, the famous Freudian comparison of psychoanalysis with the draining of the Zuidersee is, strictly speaking, erroneous; it is still too colored by engineering, conceived too much according to the model of polemical medicine (sickness as enemy). The id-sea never dries up-but is it not already a lot when one has learned to sail on it?
10. This alludes to the first volume of the three-volume recollections of the conservative Munich Weltanschauung writer, Oskar A. H. Schmitz, Die Geister des Houses, Jugenderinnerungen (Munich, 1925)-remarkable above all because Schmitz had undergone a psychoanalytic cure with Freud's pupil, Abraham, and tried to integrate experiences from his (failed) analysis into his autobiog- raphy. Some comments on Schmitz are also to be found in my book Literatur und Lebenserfahrung- Autobiographien der 20er Jahre (Munich, 1978, pp. 229ff.
11. Not: "What is dialectics? " For those who pose this question do not begin where they really stand intellectually, namely, at the insight that they are participating in the dispute around dialectics,
TRANSCENDENTAL POLEMIC: HERACLITIAN MEDITATIONS ? 381
so to speak, moving in the dialectic of the dialectic. Those who pose this question will probably remain stuck with it.
12. Dialectics would then be restricted to the group of statements that can have antitheses, that is, to "problematic" statements with metaphysical or normative contents with which one can in fact at first, and even in the long run, provide grounds for this view just as well as for that view. Besides this, there is a broad group of statements that cannot have antitheses, which are not problematic, but which can or must be unambiguously decided one way or the other. These would be statements with- out metaphysical or normative content, thus, either purely empirical or purely logical assertions. There can be no argument about them. Conclusion: Where people argue, metaphysics or ethics is in- volved. Kant's transcendental dialectics describes the sphere of assertions capable of antithesis as a sphere of metaphysical illusion; accordingly, he is the model of a thinker who thinks dialectically and nondialectically at the same time.
13. Hegel's ruins repeatedly attract the interest of critical squatters; they are regularly followed by positivistic eviction orders.
14. Therefore, H. G. Gadamer's thesis that dialectics has to be "taken back" into dialogics and hermeneutics is aesthetically truncated. The polemical far exceeds the dialogical. Who would think of a "hermeneutics of war"? Of a theory of "armed argumentation"? Of a "dialogic" of the breaking off of dialogue--to say nothing of the absurdities of a "hermeneutics of capital" or a "dialogic of ad- ministration"?
15. See chapter 2.
16. With Hegel, who has worked himself incomparably deeply into the schizophrenia of this dou- ble ego, there are even grammatical reflexes of this structure, sentences whose subjects stand in the first person, the predicate in the third person.
17. See chapter 8, the second section; chapter 7, "The Grand Inquisitor"; chapter 9, "Exchange Cynicism"; chapter 3, "Critique of the Idealistic Superstructure"; chapter 4, "Marxist Elegy"; as well as chapter 26.
18. Because I have no philological intentions, I have not tracked it down in a specific philosopher, but have constructed it in its ideal-typical form; however, I have done this in such a way that Asiatic rather than European figures of thought-insofar as I can say anything about them-shine through.
19. This formulation in Marx (in the introduction to the Grundrisse) refers to the abstract concept of labor developed by Adam Smith. Ironically, the dialectician, Marx, has not provided us with even the most simple general concept of the polemical. He would only have been able to furnish this if he had "developed further" not only from philosophy to the critique of political economy, but also from the latter back to philosophy. In this gap, Lenin's principled terrorism was able to fatefully unfurl.
IV. Historical Main Text
384 ? THE WEIMAR SYMPTOM
The Weimar Symptom:
Models of Consciousness in German Modernity
On the whole, a reading of the thing induces fear, and that not so much because of the horrors but rather because of the com- plete security with which the secret contract that exists between people is broken. The impression is roughly as if someone in the room would raise their voice and say, "Since we are now as animals together among ourselves . . . "
Ernst Jiinger, Grausame Biicher, in Das abenteuerliche Herz
Cynicism, as has been shown, forms a basic figure of the revocation of values in the historical process of combatant consciousnesses. In it, the "ideologies" awaken to themselves. Ostentatiously, they scintillate in malevolent ineluctabil- ity. In the course of history, periods that are especially prone to cynicism emerge, said Marxistically, periods of declining class domination--epochs of an ideology that has become reflexive in which the norms and dogmas of culture, buffered by self-irony, begin to play with their inner contradictions. In human history to date, the becoming-reflective of false and malevolent states of consciousness was al- ways a culturally pathological symptom--an expression of the fact that the ruling strata had entered into a morbid stage tending to decadence and indiscriminate disinhibition. In this point, Oswald Spengler, no matter what one thinks of him, has made statements of perplexing physiognomic precision. It is a matter of late
periods, when original forces, value-stable naivete, and more primitive tensions of will in a culturally dominating stratum have been consumed by strategic learn- ing processes. Cynically disposed, therefore, are the times of hollow gestures and artfully prearranged phraseology where, under very official word, private reser- vations, opposed worlds, and ironies are hidden and where, under public an- nouncements, mute submonologues flow, about which only the initiated, the cocorrupted, codecadent, coironist knows something. The smile of the augurs is also the smile of declining ruling classes.
My essay on the Weimar Republic consciously avoids the pathographic vocabulary of cultural critique just as much as the hypocritical soundness of those all too self-certain philosophies of history that straightaway talk of decadence and putrefaction as soon as the individuals in a culture become more reflective, sensi- tive, fractured, and conscious of problems. The phenomenon of reflective ideol- ogy is not quite identical with degeneration. When naivete declines and soberness ascends, that does not have to mean the decline of the West. In any case, moralism and swamp metaphors do not suffice. Even Ernst Bloch, who has also written more subtle things on this problem in general and on the "Weimar Symptom" in particular (in Inheritance of These Times), sometimes speaks from this somewhat
THE WEIMAR SYMPTOM D 385
too certain, too "healthy" perspective: "putrefying ideology in the declining times of a class society . . . already conscious false consciousness, consequently de- ception" (Das Prinzip Hoffnung, vol. I, p. 169). This way of seeing presumes a psychostructure in which it would be just a short step from the uncovering of the "swindle," that is, from the making conscious of the "putrefying ideology" to the pithy truth. Today's situation is far removed from this, psychologically as well as sociologically, and today scarcely anybody still deludes himself that he has a firm relationship with the truth. A pre- or postmorbid stage expands into a new normality. After a hundred-year-long crisis, the word "crisis" is as wilted as the individuals who once were supposed to be shaken up by it. The modern, reflec- tively cynical structures have obviously survived the motley phases of decadence: The gray cynicisms of modern matter-of-factness too are still cynicisms, even when they no longer have anything of the great pose of aristocratic morbidity, of aestheticism, or dandyism or of the spiritually decayed life-style of overbred late-bourgeois individualities. We live today in a cynicism from which absolutely no flowers of evil sprout, no grand cold gazes and fireworks in the abyss. Instead, cement cities, bureau-democracy, listlessness, endless mediocrity, administra- tion of deplorable states of affairs, lamenting prattle about responsibility, miserly pessimism, and insipid ironies. It may be that we will have to put up with this "spirit" for a long time. That is a mentality that is not even decadent because it was not preceded by any high point from which it could decline. What today is cynical has long since been sliding along unperturbed in this style.
As we have said, there is no longer any "exposure" that corresponds to reflec- tive ideology. No critique can cope with gelatinous realism, for critique cannot achieve any validity when it is not confronted by an ignorance. In diffusely cyni- cal consciousness, no genuine ignorance reigns, only an inner splintering, un- reachable by any sort of enlightenment, and a conscious semidarkness that in its gloom still finds the energy, God knows where, to go on. Even a critique that it- self becomes cynical in order to smash the predominating cynicism is deflected. In exactly this way, incidentally, we could summarize critique in the Weimar Republic in the shortest possible formula.
The Weimar Republic is one of those historical phenomena through which we can best study how the modernization of a society has to be paid for. Enormous technical achievements are exchanged for an increasing uneasiness, in the uncul- ture; conveniences of civilization for the feeling of meaninglessness. Huge enter- prises shoot up, but in the half-shadow the question remains: What is the meaning of it all, and what does it have to do with me? In the intelligentsia, which con- sciously went through and participated in the process, there is no longer anywhere a "false consciousness" in the simple sense but rather dissolute consciousness on all sides. Because nothing is "sacred" to this consciousness anymore, it becomes greedy.
A world of instruments lies at the feet of this amorphous and imprecise greed, but it finds no real enjoyment in them.
386 ? THE WEIMAR SYMPTOM
In the Weimar culture--as I hinted in chapter 1 --cynicism finds a more salient language than today. Then cynicism was acidic and productive, whereas today it expresses itself only in the no-thanks style, sullenly or bureaucratically. For the leaders of Weimar culture, in spite of everything that happened, reveal an inti- mate proximity to the heights of values and the ideals of the metaphysical tradi- tions, whose collapse is now writ large in thousands of bold and fresh, aggressive disillusionments and dismantlings. Kynical and cynical elements are to be found in almost all the progressive aesthetics of the time, not to mention the petit- bourgeois phenomena of disinhibition on the martial-political level (fascism). Among the productive spirits of the time there are not a few who take it on them- selves to articulate their disappointments, their derision, and their new, grand coldness in aggressive art forms. They create an expressive language in which negativity and modernity, unhappiness and conscious contemporaneity become almost identical. From this circle come grand poses, individuals holding firm in a glaringly unholy reality. Here, the First World War can still be seen as an event in the history of metaphysics --in a certain way as the militaristic commentary on Nietzsche's "God is dead. " The ego after the war is an inheritance without testa- ment and is almost inevitably doomed to cynicism. Once again, it throws itself into grand expressive postures: aesthetic autonomy in dismemberment; destruc- tion of oneself in the general destruction; a superior mien even when being torn apart; cold affirmation of relations that deny our dream of life; the coldness of the world outdone by the coldness of art. Weimar art cynics train themselves to play masters of the situation, while the situation in fact is one in which things have gotten out of control and sovereignty is no longer possible. They practice elevat- ing themselves above the absurd, the inconceivable, and above what has long since been seen through. They impudently place their poses against the equally overwhelming and mediocre destiny of the period: cynically allowing themselves to be swept along--Hey, we're alive. The modernization of unhappy con- sciousness.
Chapter 12
Weimar Crystallization: Transition of a Period from Recollection into History
Three-quarters of your literature and your entire philosophy are expressions ofdiscontent.
Bruno Frank, Politische Novelle (1928)
In the course of the decade during which I have occupied myself with Weimar culture, an initially very quiet mistrust regarding research on the Weimar period developed that gradually has been transformed into a well-founded theoretical doubt. The more I read, the more uncertain I become about whether we are at all in a position to say anything sensible about the culture and the consciousness of those years from 1918 to 1933. The more research undertaken, the clearer this doubt becomes. The existence of a series of exceptional scientific analyses and accounts does not change this in any way. The doubt is related not to the possibil- ity of giving a historically critical account of this or that aspect of the cultural life of this time but to our ability to assume a sensible stance toward our continuity and discontinuity with Weimar. This can be understood as the expression of a dis- quiet stemming from the "philosophy of history. "
There are two easily distinguishable points of access to Weimar: a nostalgic- archaeological one and an apologetic-political one. The first leads through the literature consisting of memoirs to the oral tradition of older people and finally to the projective curiosity of present-day marginal political groups. According to this perspective, there was a time in Germany when life was "still interesting," when politics and culture proceeded dramatically, vitally, tumultuously, full of ups and downs --as if histrionics had been the common denominator of a whole gamut of social manifestations of life- from expressionism to Marlene Dietrich's spectacular legs in The Blue Angel, from the bloody comedy about the Hitler putsch in 1923 to The Threepenny Opera, from the impressive Rathenau burial in 1922 to the villainous staged arson against the Reichstag in 1933. The perma-
387
388 ? WEIMAR CRYSTALLIZATION
nent crisis, spoken about by everyone, proved itself to be a good director who knew how to arrange eye-catching effects. In addition to the nostalgia of the recollectors, we also observe a pronounced homesickness on the left for the Wei- mar Republic, where there was indeed a highly remarkable spectrum of political culture--from the leftist liberalism of Tucholsky, Ossietzky, Kastner, Heinrich Mann, etc. , to authors and sympathizers of social democracy and communism up to the leftist radicals, anarchists, and independent Marxists such as Benjamin Korsch,Brecht,anduptotheearlyCriticalTheory . . . TheWeimarRepublic became something like a playground for leftist historicism, an exercise field for retrospective allegiances and commitments, as if it were useful to know, at least after the event, to which side one would have beaten a path. Because the connec- tion to the ideas and potentials of Weimar culture was cut off by the Third Reich and the restoration of the Adenauer period, the New Left had to construct a quasi- archaeological access to the buried layers of German political culture. Archival work, skimming, reading; what came to light was impressive: An interrupted tra- dition had to, in a certain sense, exhume itself, and discovered to its surprise that everything had already been there once before--our entire intellectual "identity"
under the rubble.
The second point of access to Weimar chooses fascism, the rule of national socialism, as its perspective. Here, the interest is almost completely apologetic and didactic: why this or that party or person had to act in that way; why Nazi fascism could not have been stopped or how it could have been hindered; why everything was as terrible as it was. Weimar appears in this light as prefascism, the period before Hitler. This how-was-it-possible literature already comprises libraries. In it, Weimar functions as an augury of political ethics-what flourishes when a democratic middle is lacking, when illiberal forces become too strong, when the workers' parties mutilate each other, when monopoly capital does not know how to go on, etc. A line of authors knew "even then" the truth, but unfor- tunately did not gain influence; another line, admittedly, made "errors," back then, but today it knows the correct view. Weimar thus serves on all sides as a political-moral history class from which everyone can learn. Democrats in East and West Germany compete against one another in the posture of those who have learned from the mistakes of the past. Because today the generation of eyewit-
nesses is aging and dying out, nothing stands in the way of a political pedagogi- fication of those years anymore --except perhaps the academicization.
Doubts arise concerning both ways of proceeding. Could it not be the case that to date only a research in the "mirror stage" [Lacan; --Trans. ] has resulted from them, which lingers under the spell of naive relations of "interests" to the "object. Projection, apologetics, overcoming, nostalgia, salvation: They are all positions and images in a historical gallery of mirrors. "What you call the spirit of the times / That is the masters' own spirit / In which the times mirror one another" (Faust
WEIMAR CRYSTALLIZATION ? 389
I). Is then the "object Weimar" visible at all for us? Can we already try out ways of seeing other than merely nostalgic, projective, apologetic, and didactic ones? I think the specific forms of consciousness of Weimar culture are beginning to become visible for us again through the prism of the cynicism of our time, which is now coming into its own. The clearer the modern cynical structure be- comes for us, the more we gain the optics that belongs to the innermost core of the object. We then see the Weimar culture as the essential "founding period" of this cynical structure in its culturally dominating dimension. Back then for the first time, strategic immoralisms seeped out of the previously hermetically sealed milieus into collective consciousness, and what previously was regarded as the trade secrets of realpolitik, of diplomacy, chiefs of staff, secret services, or- ganized crime, prostitution, and the direction of enterprises is now taken up by a blatant rage for the truth and placed irrevocably in the twilight of "open secrets. "
As long as we do not explicitly grasp what cynicism is, the essence of Weimar culture must escape us. Our self-reflection, therefore, has precedence over historiography. As naive historiography, it has already come up against its limits. Only a more precise self-reflection again makes possible a more profound histori- cal experience--if we then think it is necessary. But conversely, one must have absorbed in long studies the specific scent of Weimar and Fascist cynicism in or- der to recognize that structures are at work in them that live on and connect us with our past. Historical objects do not simply "exist"--they emerge through the development of the eye.
Another doubt about the usual accounts of Weimar is a pure reflex of the study of the sources. In reading the documents, the impression is awakened that many texts of that time were written on a far more elevated plane of reflection, insight, and expression than the later cultural histories "about" them. The latter often profit only through distance in time, and their only way of being cleverer comes from the later perspective. That is, however, the insidiousness of the Weimar ob- ject. We cannot simply talk about this period as if its contemporaries had not al- ready said enough about themselves. In its extraordinary achievements in articu- lation, Weimar culture, in spite of many counterexamples, stands before us as the most self-aware epoch of history; it was a highly reflective, thoughtful, imagina- tive, and expressive age that is thoroughly plowed up by the most manifold self- observations and self-analyses. If we simply speak "about" it, we all too easily go right past it. Our commentary risks summarizing things that exceed our under- standing because the self-understanding in the texts has often climbed to such heights that a later period cannot automatically assume that its powers of under- standing could again reach the earlier peaks. (This holds, of course, not only for the culture of these years but especially for it. ) I think I can show how, in the vari- ous areas of Weimar culture, a summit of cynical structures was reached that only now, from the perspective of the disillusioned, kynical-cynical, crisis-conscious Zeitgeist of the late seventies and early eighties, can be brought into view. The
390 ? WEIMAR CRYSTALLIZATION
periods understand each other over a stretch of half a century on the basis of the reconstructed proximity of experience. As far as self-reflection disorders, clever irritabilities, and pensive demoralizations are concerned, they have again become congenial to one another. That is expressed positively but describes a threatening phenomenon. Here we are working with a hypothesis that we think is right but that we hope, like a self-destroying prophecy, will sublate itself namely, that such structures articulate typical features of interludes between wars, in which no in- telligence and no goodwill suffice to stop catastrophic tendencies in the system.
The method of presentation is associative and simultaneously construing. For it, extensive quotations are fundamental. I would like to communicate to the reader something of the perplexity that can be summoned through a pure reading --of course, in a prepared context. The themes are relatively mul- tifaceted; they are not pursued to their end anywhere. Every chapter has to remain a hint. Altogether, a methodically thought-out labyrinth results, as if we could gain knowledge of an epoch by going through texts from that time as through and between the mirrored walls of a carnival fun house. Any other way would not succeed. I want to make an object more comprehensible by showing how, in its own inner many-sidedness and fracturedness, it exceeds our normal powers of understanding. What we need is a logical and historical "cubism," a simultaneity in thinking and in seeing. In daily life, we are not deranged [verriickt, meaning also "displaced"; - Trans. ] enough to get a proper perspective on the derangement that has coagulated to normality of our everyday life and our history. One can thus read the "Weimar Symptom" as a methodological adventure --as a journey through the madness from which we come.
Chapter 13
Dadaistic Chaotology: Semantic Cynicisms
1. Around a fireball races a pellet of dung on which ladies' stockings are sold and Gauguins valued . . .
78. A swift kick for the cosmos! Vive Dada! ! !
Walter Serner, Letzte Lockerung (1918-20)
We have the right to every diversion, whether it be in words, in forms, colors, sounds; but all this is a glorious bit of nonsense
that we consciously love and prepare--a huge irony, like life it- self; the exact technique of finally comprehended senselessness as the meaning of the world.
Raoul Hausmann, Des deutsche Spiesser drgert sich
Hindendorf Ludenburg are not historical names. There is only one historical name: Baader.
Johannes Baader, Reklame fur rnich Everything should live--but one thing must cease: the citizen.
Richard Huelsenbeck
With Dada, the first neokynicism of the twentieth century strides on stage. Its thrust is directed against everything that takes itself "seriously"--whether it be in the area of culture and the arts, in politics or in public life. Nothing else in our century has so furiously smashed the esprit de serieux as the Dadaist babble. Dada is basically neither an art movement nor an anti-art movement, but a radical "phil-
1
osophical action. " It practices the art of a militant irony.
From bourgeois "institution art" (Peter Burger), Dada makes a claim only on
that motif that had given the arts their philosophical momentum in the bourgeois century: that of the amoralist freedom of expression. But art had long since ceased to be what it had been at its center and in its neokynical founding phase (i. e. , in the bourgeois Sturm und Drang of the eighteenth century-a medium of expres- sion for the "truth. " What the Dadaists saw before them was an art of the aes-
391
392 ? DADAISTIC CHAOTOLOGY: SEMANTIC CYNICISMS
theticistic type, an artists' art that took itself totally and ceremoniously seriously, a substitute religion and a means for beautifying the "hideous bourgeois-capitalist reality. " The Dadaists, therefore, simply rehabilitated the philosophical impulse of the arts --their will to truth --in a counterattack against its submersion by aes- thetics, finesse, and elitist vanities. With an act of violence, they equated art with what at that time was called contemptuously "arts and crafts" --with that innocu- ous decorative art that accommodated the need of the upright citizen (Spiesser) for being cheered up and for diversion from reality. For the supporters of the avant-garde, by contrast, reality smacked of the rawest negativity, and it could thus happen that the peaceful and antimilitarist Dada people of Zurich in 1916 (almost without exception emigrants from warring countries) even reckoned the pacifists among their enemies because they, disgracefully unrealistic, merely counterposed an ideal of peace to reality. Here, the handwriting of kynical modernity appears for the first time: affirmation of reality as reality in order to be able to smash in the face everything that is merely "aesthetic thinking. "
The handicraft artisans from all of Zurich began a resolute campaign against us. That was the most beautiful thing: Now we knew whom we had to deal with. We were against the pacifists because the war had given us the possibility to exist at all in our entire glory. And at that time, the pacifiists were even more respectable than today, where every stupid kid wants to exploit the conjuncture with his books against the times. We were for the war, and today Dadaism is still for war. Things have to collide; things are not proceeding nearly as horribly as they should.
Those were the words with which Richard Huelsenbeck obliged his audience in his first Dada speech in Germany (Berlin, February 1918). Morally we will probably never be able to come to terms with such a text, psychologically scarcely any better. We must first gain experience with ironical-polemical ways of speak- ing in order to comprehend Huelsenbeck's way of proceeding: He was trying out the new tactics on an immeasurably ticklish subject, namely, the art of declaring oneself, in an ironic, dirty way, to be in agreement with the worst possible things. With cynical speeches he produced an ego beyond good and evil that wanted to be like its mad epoch.
At that time, the war was still raging on all fronts. Western "values" were "collapsing"-like the German Western front at that time and, beyond that, a whole age that will be called the bourgeois period: the aged nineteenth century. In the battles of matter of the World War, Europe experienced the "return of the repressed"--the return of the beast out of the false peace of an imperialist, re- spectable bourgeoisie. The bourgeois spirit of progress had been an irrealism; it was answered by what had been denied for all too long, in fearful explosions. Af- ter Nietzsche, the Dadaists were the first who tried to take up the return of the
DADAISTIC CHAOTOLOGY: SEMANTIC CYNICISMS ? 393
4 DER BLUTIGEERNST'eo l JAM A UiNUKM WOCKEMICHMIPT HIMUICFBE*: <<<<i EINSTEIN. GEORai &aosi
Arbeiten und nicht verzweifdnl SONDERNUMMER IV. DIESCHIEBER
Bloody Earnest: "Work and don't despair! " (Special Issue IV: "The Racketeers"). ((C)S. P. A. D. E. M. , Paris/V. A. G. A. , New York, 1987. )
repressed from a positive angle. In doing so, they gave the artistic right to unin- hibited "free" expression a new twist. Between the mentality of the generals, who are respectably for war, and the mentality of the pacifists, who are respectably against it, the Dadaists erected a maliciously clashing third position "free" of all scruples: to be unrespectably for it.
Dada draws a part of its driving force from the feeling of seeing the world in an indomitably sober way. One assumes a pathetic positivistic air. One unrelent- ingly separates "naked facts" from phrases, mere culture from hard reality.
"We propagate no ethics, which always remain ideal (swindle). . . . We want to arrange economy and sexuality rationally, and we don't give a damn about culture, which was not a palpable thing. We want its demise. . . . We want the world to be moved and movable, turmoilin- stead of calm --away with all chairs, to hell with feelings and noble gestures.
? Hausmann, Der deutsche Spiesser drgert sich
live in their rhythm.
394 ? DADAISTIC CHAOTOLOGY: SEMANTIC CYNICISMS
In the Dadaist Manifesto we read:
The word Dada symbolizes the most primitive relation to the surround- ing reality; with Dadaism, a new reality comes into its right. Life ap- pears as a simultaneous whirr of sounds, colors and spiritual rhythms that is taken over into Dadaist art together with all sensational screams and fevers, its audacious everyday psyche and its entire brutal reality.
In Dadaism, individuals consciously execute for the first time the inversion of the modern ego-world relationship characteristic of all modern subjectivity: Kynical individuals put an end to the pose of the self-sufficient creative artist (gen- ius), the world thinker (philosopher), the expansive entrepreneur; rather, they consciously let themselves be driven along by what is given. If what drives us is brutal, then so are we. Dada does not look onto an ordered cosmos. What is important for it is presence of mind in the chaos. In the middle of the murderous tumult, every pose of a great thinker, as was usual in the calmly excited Lebens-
philosophien of the time, would have been senseless. Dada demanded from exis- tence (Dasein) an absolute simultaneity with the tendencies of its own time-- existential avant-garde. Only what was most advanced lived with Dada on one time line: war as mobilization and self-disinhibition; the most advanced destruc- tive procedures even into the arts; an tipsy chology, antibourgeoisie. It is the pa- thos of truth in this current to have the times in one's nerves and to think and to
2
We can hear a philosophical echo here; namely, Dada anticipates motifs of Heidegger's existential ontology, which, for its part, criticizes the lie of the sub- ject in the European philosophy of domination on the highest conceptual plane. The ego is not the master of the world but lives in it under the sign of thrownness (Geworfenheit); we make at most "projections" (Entwurfe), but these too are in turn "projected projects" (geworfene Entwurfe), so that primarily a passive struc-
ture toward being holds true. Next door we hear:
To be a Dadaist means to let oneself be thrown by things, to be against every formation of a sediment, to have sat for a moment on the chair means: to have brought life into danger.
dadaistisches manifest (leaflet, 1918)
The idea could occur to us that existential ontology is an academic catching up to "Dada philosophy" or "Dadaology"--whereby Martin Heidegger would have contested the status of head Dada held by the master, Johannes Baader, with enormous success. The secret of Heidegger's success touches the point that con- stitutes the "failure" of Dada: respectability. Instead of the unrespectably glitter- ing productions of Dadaist "projected" artists of life and politicking satyrs, projectedness in its respectable variant won out.
The Dada attack has both a kynical and a cynical aspect. The atmosphere of
DADAISTIC CHAOTOLOGY: SEMANTIC CYNICISMS ? 395
the first is playful and productive, childish and childlike, wise, generous, ironi- cal, sovereign, unassailably realistic; the second aspect reveals strong destructive tensions, hate and haughty defensive reactions against the internalized fetish of the citizen, considerable projection, and a dynamic of affects of contempt and dis- appointment, self-hardening and loss of irony. It is not easy to separate these two aspects. They make the Dada phenomenon as a whole into a scintillating complex that evades simple evaluations and uncomplicated emotional responses. Dada also behaves ambiguously toward fascism: With its kynical elements, Dada be- longs definitely to antifascism and to the logic and "aesthetic of resistance. " With its cynical elements, by contrast, it leans toward the prefascist aesthetics of anni- hilation that wants to enjoy the intoxication of demolition to the full. Dada tends to struggle against the "bloody earnestness"--which, however, with its aggressive aspects, lies deep within Dada itself. The Dadaists by no means succeeded in treating their own motives ironically: In their ironic poses, much unfree destruc- tiveness remained stuck and in their way of letting themselves go, a lot of resis- tance and self-hardening could be demonstrated.
"Dadasophy" develops here and there mystically ironic visions that celebrate life in its undivided fullness, but these are despairingly exaggerated in tone, as in the proclamation of the chief Dada, Johannes Baader.
"A Dadaist is someone who loves life in all its limitless shapes and who knows and says: Not only here, but also there, there, there, (da, da, da) is life! The genuine Dadaist thus also masters(? ) the whole regis- ter(! ) of human expressions of life, starting with grotesque self- persiflage up to the most holy word of the church service on the ball, called earth, which has become mature and which belongs to all people.
Even in such megalomaniac hymns of the sect's chieftain, Baader, who proclaimed himself president of the universe, the typical attempts of a more en- compassing affirmation appear, in which Dada irony fits well with the kynical as- pect of religion (see the works on mysticism by Dadaists, especially Hugo Ball).
In Dadaism, a provisional philosophy of Yes is attempted that refers, above all, to the concrete, momentary, droll, and creative energy of the Dada in- dividual. The Yes holds for the state of the world, which it treats ironically, but even more for the lived moment, in which the miracle of an eternal, fleeting pres- ent and the existentialist paradox of the inner "duration," simultaneously per-
3
meated and untouched by the turbulence in the world, are realized. superstructure must be annihilated so that this vital-dynamic element can step into the foreground. The Dadaists thus often see even in expressionism only the con- tinuation of German idealism: "nauseous mystification of things, called expres- sionism. "
The first expressionist, a person who invented "inner freedom," was a
The cultural
396 ?
