that can be
produced
on the earth.
Athenaeum - London - 1912a
He had been appointed
presents a genre picture of Welsh people containing biographical lists of its Parlia feuilleton editor of the Frankfurter Zeitung,
and Wales. The long shadow referred to mentary representatives and high sheriffs, but illness prevented his taking up the
is that which according to the proverb and the mayors of its boroughs from the post. Among his works were
Hofman
"a little man may cast," and the cha- earliest time to the present. Engravings von Hofmangwaldau,''Madame Récamier,'
racters of the book are drawn into relation of a few of the more notable men will be and
translations from the
with each other by that shadow.
included.
PROMISING
career
French.
numerous
## p. 198 (#162) ############################################
198
THE ATHENÆUM
No. 4399, FEB. 17, 1912
are
seven
that compound fractures before Lister's day Development and Chromatin Thread-widths
were frequently fatal.
throughout the Animal Kingdom,' by Capt.
SCIENCE
C. F. U. Meek.
Another important discovery of his was
the use of catgut instead of silk to tie
SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES. —Feb. 8. —Dr. C. E.
arteries, the ligature being thus absorbed Read, President, in the chair. —Mr. Charles
Diesel Engines for Land and Marine Work. substances. By this means the healing of foot jousts and for the tourney was regulated with
without the inflammation caused by other ffoulkes read a paper on 'Jousting Cheques of the
Sixteenth Century. The scoring for horse and
By A. P. Chalkley. With Introductory wounds was marvellously accelerated.
Chapter by Dr. R. Diesel. (Constable.
great minuteness, especially in the fifteenth
Prime movers constructed on the principle
Lister became a baronet in 1883, and century, when John Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester,
associated with Dr. Diesel's name
a baron in 1897, his other honours being too drew up a schedule of the value
of each particular
becoming so common nowadays that it was
numerous to mention. He was not spoilt
"attaint” or hit, and of the breaking of lances
or the unhorsing of a combatant. These scores
high time for a book containing
authorita. by success, but retained throughout his
were kept on parallelograms drawn on paper or
tive information regarding the subject.
long life the modesty which is the cha- parchment, with a line running horizontally
racteristic of great men in search of truth. through the centre. The different successes of
inventor of this particular form of internal science, Lord Kelvin. Rich in courtesy and These score sheets do not seem to have been in
The presence of an introduction by the He was as simple as that other pioneer in each jouster were scored on one of the three lines,
combustion engine is sufficient proof that kindness, he will be regretted by many
Mr. Chalkley's volume is trustworthy,
use in other countries—at least, we have no
friends,
knowledge of similar documents in Germany or
and the author may be congratulated on
France. Up to the present
English
the manner in which he has described
cheques are known, two of which are merely
the engine in its many varieties.
sample “ cheques,” showing how the score should
SOCIETIES.
Of special interest are Dr. Diesel's remarks
be marked. The Society of Antiquaries possesses
a cheque which has the unique interest of being
on the far-reaching results of his invention, Royal. —Fcb. 8. —Sir Archibald Geikie, Presi- | probably the private score kept by a herald or
whereby many substances hitherto discarded dent, followed by Sir Alfred Kempe, Vice- king, of arms, on the margin of an elaborately
as waste are proved to be of great value President and Treasurer, in the chair. The emblazoned heraldic scroll, at the Field of the
Cloth of Gold. Two cheques are preserved in
for fuel, thereby allaying the fears of those following papers were read :-
who fix a period
when our coal supply will Norman Lockyer. An account was given of the joust held in May, 1570, and the other to the
The Spectrum of Comet Brooks,' by Sir the Bodleian Library, one of which refers to a
be exhausted, He shows that it is most lines shown in a series of ten photographs of
jousts held in the first year of the reign of Henry
economical to convert the coal into coke, the spectrum of comet Brooks taken between VIII. in honour of the birth of a prince who died
using the resultant tar-oil for fuel in his September 6th and October 31st. Seven of the the same year. The Heralds' College possesses
a gorgeously illuminated roll which shows the
engines, and utilizing other valuable by Dening object, and three
when it was a morning procession to the lists and also the jousting.
products in various ways.
object. The instrument used was a two-inch
quartz-calcite prismatic camera.
articles or conditions and the signature of Henry
"A Chemically Active Modification of Nitrogen, VIII. , which was posted at the entrance to the
produced by the Electric Discharge,' by Mr.
Tilt yard, now the present Horse Guards' Parade,
R. J. Strutt.
is preserved in the British Museum, which also
LORD LISTER.
1. Active nitrogen emits its energy more quickly, provides another jousting cheque giving part of
the score of the jousts held on May 22nd, 1518,
The death of Lord Lister, full of years and and reverts sooner to ordinary nitrogen, if it is
in honour of the visit of Margaret Tudor, Queen of
honours, on Saturday last at Walmer, cooled. This is apparently a unique instance of a
chemical change accelerated by cooling.
Scots. None of these cheques agrees exactly
removes one of the greatest benefactors of 2. If the glowing gas is compressed to small with the sample scores given by the Earl of
the human race. The saving of life and volume it flashes out with great brilliance, and
Worcester, but his marking is so elaborate that
relief from pain due to his discoveries can exhausts itself in so doing. This proves that the it is evident that a simpler form was used, for
hardly be realized by a generation which
glow-transformation is polymolecular, i. e. , that all the actual score sheets agree one with the
regards them as truisms.
more than one molecule must take part in it. other, though the individual points of course differ
in each case.
3. Active nitrogen may revert to ordinary
Born in 1827, of Quaker stock, he was the nitrogen in two distinct ways. One of these is a
Mr. Penrose Williams read a paper on 'The
son of Joseph Jackson Lister, a merchant volume change, accompanied by glow ; the other
Excavation of the Holy Well of St. Constantine
who figures in the ‘ Dictionary of National glow. This is analogous to the behaviour of
a surface action of the walls of the vessel, without at St. Merryn, Cornwall. The ruins of Constan.
tine Church, in the parish of St. Merryn, stand on
Biography' as an expert in microscopy, oxy-hydrogen gas in its transformation to water,
a sandy hill to the south of a marsh several acres
and, after beginning his education at two which may be a surface or volume effect, according in extent. Local tradition is strong as to the
Quaker schools, studied medicine at Uni- to circumstances.
existence of a Holy Well, but its exact position
• The Atomic Weight of Radium,' by Mr. R.
had been lost.
versity College, London, and held a post as
The probable site was found
Whytlaw-Gray and Sir W. Ramsay. The mate- several years ago, and in August, 1911, Mr.
Assistant at University College Hospital.
rial for this research consisted of 330 mgrs. of a
Charles Mott and Mr. Penrose Williams explored
A visit to James Syme, the famous surgeon mixture of radium and barium bromides, con- the spot and discovered a nearly complete
building, which in the course of time had become
at Edinburgh, led to his prolonging his taining 206 mgrs, of radium bromide,
supplied by
the courtesy of the British Radium Corporation. buried by successive layers of river deposit and
stay and working under him. He married
The bromides were submitted to methodical blown sand, the original ground level and floor
Syme's daughter in 1856, and in the same
fractional crystallization, and yielded specimens
of the little chapel being 7 ft. lower than the
year was made Assistant Surgeon of the of which the change in weight on conversion from present marsh level. The building measures,
Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. In 1860 his bromide to chloride with gaseous hydrogen inside, about 71 ft. by 5 ft. The side walls are
gathered in as they rise, so as to meet at a height
learned papers won him the F. R. S. , and chloride, and from chloride to bromide with
he became Professor of Surgery at Glasgow the micro-balance. The atomic weight increased
gaseous hydrogen bromide, was determined with of about 7 ft. ; the long axis is exactly north and
south, and at the south end the wall is hollowed
University ; in 1869 he left this post for a progressively from 220•7, through a series of out into a low arch curving over the well, and
similar one at Edinburgh; and finally in 1877 approximations, to the final atomic weight above this arch is a square recess nearly 3 ft.
he took the chair of Clinical Surgery in 226°36, the last five determinations giving the wide and of the same depth. A stone seat runs
along either wall, and between them, down the
King's College, London, which he occupied figures 228-40, 226-25, 228-35, 226. 35, and 226-45.
till 1893.
The Emission of Electricity from Carbon at
middle of the floor, which is paved with slabs of
High Temperatures,' by Dr. J. A. Harker and stone, runs an open gully formed of a hollowed-
Syme was, as readers of 'Horæ Sub- Dr. G. W. O. Kaye. This paper discussed several out beam of oak, in a position to act as an overflow
secivæ' will remember, a surgeon of re-
new phenomena, including the generation of conduit for the well water. In the north-west
markable skill, but the mortality attending what appears to be a new method. Two insulated
electric currents of considerable magnitude by corner is a doorway with rounded corners of
dressed stone, and on either side a deeply cut
operations in his day was terrible. Surgical carbon electrodes are inserted into a carbon tube groove suitable to receive doorposts.
fever,” as it was called, killed one patient resistance furnace at high temperatures, and are
after another. Lister set himself to study connected externally through a suitable
current-
this phenomenon, and, applying Pasteur's
If one of the electrodes is suddenly
MATHEMATICAL. --Feb. 8. -Dr. H. F. Baker,
far-reaching discoveries in bacteriology,
displaced to a colder or hotter part of the furnace; President, in the chair. --Messrs. H. J. Priestley
a reversible transient current is produced in the
devised a series of germicides and the
and C. J. T. Sewell were elected Members.
circuit without the application of any external
The President alluded to the loss the world, and
treatment with carbolic acid now universally potential. By such
currents up to
especially the Cambridge mathematical world,
familiar. His first public announcement 2. ampères have been obtained. The produc-
had sustained by the death of Mr. W. M. Coates.
came in 1865, but it was some years before
tion of an alternating current is thus rendered
-Mr. Hardy read a paper on 'Some Results con-
possible by the use of a suitable periodic device.
he fully established against hostile criticism • The so-called Thermoid Effect and the Ques-
cerning Diophantine Approximations, which led
the validity of his antiseptic methods, which
to much discussion. --Papers by Profs. W. Burn-
tion of Superheating of a Platinum-Silver Re-
side and H. C. Dixon were communicated from
he steadily improved,
sistance used in Continuous-Flow Calorimetry,' by
the chair.
Prof. H. T. Barneg.
His results spoke for themselves ; not "An Optical Determination of the Variation
only were operations of all kinds hitherto of Stress in a Thin Rectangular Plate subjected HELLENIC. -Feb. 13. -Mr. Guy Dickins read
regarded as impossible performed with to Shear,' by Dr. E. G. Coker.
& paper on 'Chilon and the Growth of Spartan
Spectroscopic Observations : Lithium and Policy. '
safety, but also amputations, which were
Mr. Dickins said the early history of
Sparta differed very little from that of other
previously hurried on to escape putrefaction, cesium,' by Dr. P. V. Bevan.
"A Metrical Analysis of Chromosome Com- Greek states. During the eighth century B. C. the
were avoided. It is difficult to believe now plexes, showing Correlation between Evolutionary old monarchical system in Greece was generally
66
measurer.
means
6
## p. 199 (#163) ############################################
No. 4399, FEB. 17, 1912
199
THE ATHENÆUM
are
numerous
as
more
>
or
or
superseded by aristocracies or permitted to survive
is now on his way to explore the upper
only in a mutilated form. In the middle of the
seventh century a further reaction set in, and
course of the Uraricuèra and the sources of
Science Gossip.
democratic movements led to de widespread
the Orinoco, a neighbourhood in which there
adoption of tyranny, which itself gave way, about
Indian tribes who have
DR. ALLEN HARKER'S Royal Institution
a century later, to a revival of constitutional
forms in the shape of democracies or moderate
lecture on very high temperatures went
never yet come in contact with white men.
oligarchies. Sparta offered no exception to this off very well yesterday week, although he
The astronomical sensation suggested at
rule. We might put the synecism of the five altered his intention of producing.
the beginning of January by a telegram
Dorian settlements about 800 B. C. , rather earlier
an illustration the boiling-point of 'iron. from America seeming to imply the breaking
than the general emergence of Greek states from
chaos; the struggle between the principles of
Instead, he showed in an electric furnace up of Saturn's ring was apparently based on
the boiling-point of tin, at about 2,300° C. , a mistranslation.
monarchy and aristocracy about 720, when the
Prof. Todd of Amherst
Rhetra of Lycurgus marked a satisfactory settle- and he made clear the practical difficulty College, New York, for some reason not very
ment; and the rise of democratic principles under of estimating temperatures higher than any obvious, sent his message in Latin, and the
Asteropus about 620.
Chilon the ephor lived about 550, and was the scale which he exhibited the highest point esse interpretatus sum.
that can be produced on the earth. In the words quam oculorum dissipationem anuli
contained in it
creator of historic Sparta. Hitherto the social,
artistic, and constitutional development of Sparta
marked was the 5,000° C. supposed to
were taken to imply planetary catastrophe,
had been normal, but we now find a revolution exist in the sun; and he mentioned that For some years past Prof. Todd has observed
in all departments of Spartan life. Socially Prof. Kamerlingh Onnes had informed him Saturn in the hope of optically resolving the
Sparta ceased to be an art-producing community.
Luxury and wealth declined, warfare became
that, by the use of a very large quantity of ring, or, in other words, of visualizing the
professional, and strangers like Timotheus or
helium, he had succeeded in producing a separate particles of which it is composed,
Theodorus no longer found a welcome. In con- temperature of little
than 1° and he considered that the words “ oculorum
stitutional history there was a rapid rise of the absolute, or – 273° C. Coupled with this, dissipatio” gave the correct equivalent in
ephorate to power, and the relations of Ariston one should consider Sir James Dewar's Latin of optical resolution," and should
and Anaxandrides with the ephors show that the remark earlier in the session-i. e. , that not have been taken to mean an actual
kings could now be deposed or threatened with
deposition. We may therefore attribute to this Prof. Nernst's and Prof. Onnes's latest dissipation of the ring.
period the origin of the Ino-Pasiphae cult at experiments all went to show that, as the
Thalamas, a Cretan ritual probably due to the absolute zero of temperature is approached,
THE rather mysterious appearance called
the zodiacal light,' sometimes seen
influence of Epimenides and Chilon, and intended the specific heats and the electrical resist- extending upwards from the western horizon,
as a counterblast to the royal influence at Delphi.
The most startling changes were in foreign policy and matter becomes, so to speak, undiffer-
ance of all the chemical elements disappear, like the beam of a faint searchlight, on spring
since Sparta suddenly abandoned the policy of
evenings, from the eastern horizon
conquest for that of confederation. This change entiated.
before dawn in the autumn, has been
was due not to inability to conquer Tegea, nor to On the biological side, Prof. Bateson's supposed to
fears fabout the helot population, but to the
be the effect of cosmical
policy of Chilon, which was wholly devoted to
course at the same Institution on 'The Study dust,
which
small meteoric bodies
the principle of lessening the powers of the kings
of Genetics ’ is drawing to a close, the con- surround the sun, as Saturn's ring sur-
and increasing those of the epbors. Foreign cluding lecture being fixed for Tuesday, the rounds that planet, and it is thought that
conquest was abandoned because it would redound 20th inst. Prof. Bateson, who has taken these are what we see.
to the advantage of the kings as generals and
A correspondent
colonizers. The reintroduction at this time of the
occasion more than once during the course of a contemporary makes the suggestion
áywyn, or rules for life, attributed to Lycurgus,
to correct the reports of his remarks appear that the existence of such a swarm of small
and really derived from immemorial Dorian tra-
ing in the daily press, has insisted throughout cosmical bodies may be the cause of the
dition, was due to the samo principle of establish- on the difficulties which await what he calls isothermal layer of the earth's atmosphere,
ing a completely democratic or socialistic state the "systematists” when they attempt to or thr stratum of air about 7 miles above
in which neither tyranny nor aristocracy could clasisfy or
find a footing. Sparta was thus led by her ex.
even to state the principles the earth's surface, where the temperature
clusiveness to champion particularism against
governing variation in animals and plants. does not decrease with height, lately de-
Panhellenism, and to renounce empire in favour In one of his lectures Prof. Bateson drew tected by meteorologists. The idea is
of a vague hegemony. At first the Chilonian attention to the division of the cell which that the heat received from the sun by
scheme was accepted, but after the lapse of a
generation Cleomenes instituted a struggle with
can be observed with the microscope, with these small bodies, which are a good deal
the ephorate which ended in the practical anni-
the remark that we have no notion what beyond the earth's atmosphere, is reflected
bilation of the royal power.
it is that is actually happening. It is likely, into our atmosphere and penetrates its
A discussion followed, in which Sir Arthur however, that this uncertainty may before layers as far as the outer limits of the cloud
Evans, Dr. Waldstein, Mr. E. Norman Gardiner, long be removed. In a lecture at the layer.
and Mr. P. N. Ure took part.
Lister Institute published in the current
number
of the Proceedings of the Royal of forty years ago Mr. G. B. Longstaff, in
AFTER some entomological reminiscences
Society of Medicine, Sir Ronald Ross de-
Yox. Victoria and Albert Museum, 5. -'Famous Elizabethan Man.
scribed a process elaborated by his brother,
Butterfly Hunting in Many Lands,' gives
Institute of British Architecta, S. -'Collegiate Architecture,' Mr. H. C. Ross, and himself, by which cell.
a detailed account of his experiences in
Royal Academy. 8. — Pigments Old and New, and their Value division in the case of leucocytes, or the and South Africa, the West Indies, and
recent years in India, Ceylon, Japan, North
Society of Arts, $. - The Meat Industry. Lecture I[I. , 'The white corpuscles of the blood in man and
Pig and its Products,' Mr. L. M. Douglas. (Cantor Lecture. )
TUES. Royal Institution, 3. - The study of Genetics,' Lecture VI. ,
other animals, could not only be observed, but
New Zealand, a winter ascent of the Peak
British Museum, 4. 30. - 'Roman Tombs, Aqueducts, and
also forced, as it were, to take place at will.
of Tenerife and the Jamaican earthquake
Statistical, 8. - The Rate of Discount and the Price of Console. "
This is the result of the addition of certain being described at some length. Butterflies
chemicals belonging to the amidine grouping, bees and wasps. come in for a share of atten-
Mr. T. T. Williams; 'The Rate of Interest since 1884,' Mr.
the first place, but moths and beetles,
Illuminating Engineering, 8. -Shoplighting. ' Messrs. N. W.
to which the discoverers have given the
Prangnell and A. E. Broadberry.
Institution of Civil Engineers, 8. -'Some Features of the West
names of auxetics and augmentors.
tion. Isolated entries in notebooks are strung
The
Anthropological
Institute, 8. 15. --Farther Cave Explorations
first-named include extracts of different together into a continuous narrative, especial
in Gibraltar in September, 1911,' Dr. W. L. H. Duckworth; organs, such as creatine and xanthine, and last chapter numerous observations
attention being given to habits. In the
On some Prehistoric Monumonts in the Departments Gard
and Bouches du Rhône,' Mr. A. L. Lewis.
vegetable alkaloids, among which are theo
Zoological, 8. 30. - Notes on Age-determination in Scales of
Salmonoide, with special reference to Wye Salmon,' Dr. A. T. bromine and caffeine ; while the augmentors brought together under various headings,
Masterman Studies on Pearl-Oysters,' Dr. H. L'Jameson; comprise atropine, choline, cadaverine, and
such as the scents of butterflies, peculiarities
in their flight or in their attitudes at rest,
Meteorological, 7. 30. - The Thunderstorms of May 31, 1911, the like. As Sir Ronald Ross points out, mimicry, &c. Several new species of various
Mr. J. Fairgrieve; 'The Thunderstorms of July 29, 1911,
Mr. R. G. K. Lempfert ; 'The Drosometer, or Measurer of
this is of great importance in regard to
orders are
figured.
Messrs. Longmans
the genesis of certain tumours and the phy expect to issue the book at the end of the
-
British Numismatic, 8.
Microscopical, 8. -' Fourth List of New Species of Rotifera siological process of healing.
since 1889. Mr. C. F. Rousselet ; . On the Colouring of
month.
Dr. Koch GRÜNBERG of the University of
Royal Academy, 8. - The Chemistry of Pigments,' Lecture I. ,
Freiburg i/Br. , who has been travelling in
THE LIFE OF THE PLANT,' by C. A.
Society of Arts. 8. -' The British Silk Industry and its De.
velopment since 1903,' Mr. F. Warner.
South America since last summer, has sent Timiriazeff, embodies a course of lectures
Tuors, Royal Institution. 3. -The Portraits of Shakespeare, Autho-
ritative and Otherwise, Lecture II. , Yr. M. H. Spielmann.
home a report of his expedition.
delivered by the author in Moscow to a
Royal, 4. 30. -'The Variation of the Specific Heat of Water
investigated by the Contianous Mixture Method,' Prof. H. L.
plored the districts between Brazil, Vene. general audience. Since their first publica-
Callendar (Bakerian Lecture); Index to Reports of zuela, and British Guiana, crossing extensive tion they have passed through seven edi.
Physical Observations - Electric, Magnetic, Meteorological,
Boismological-made at Kow Observatory. ' Dr. C. Ohree; and savannahs and mountain ranges. On Octo- tions, though now translated into English
Institution of Electrical Engineers, 8. -'The Supply and
ber 7th he ascended the sandstone moun.
for the first time.
Transmission of Power in self-contained Road Vehicles and tains of Guiana (2,600 m. ). In addition A study of the principles of flight is
Locomotives,' Messrs. J. O. Macfarlane and 8. Burge.
Society of Antiquaries, 8. 30.
to drawing, maps of the whole route he contained in The Mechanics of the Aero-
Institution of Civil Eagineers, 8. -Works for the Prevention
of Coast . Krosion, Lecture II. , Mr. W. T. Douglass. traversed, he has studied the habits and plane,' by Capt. Duchêne. The first part
(Students' Meeting. )
Royal Academy, 8. –The Chemistry of Pigments,' Lecture II. ,
languages of the tribes with whom he came of the work deals with the support of the
Royal Institution, 9. -'The Gyrostatic Compass and Practical
in contact, and has, by means of phonograph aeroplane in still air, and the various factors
Applications of Gyrostats,' Mr. G. K. B. Elphinstone. and cinematograph, obtained many valuable of speed, weight, thrust, motive power,
Sat. Royal Lastitution, 3. -'Molecular Physics," Lecture I. , Prof.
records for ethnographical purposes. He lifting efficiency, wing area, gliding flight,
MEETINGS NEXT WEEK.
sions,' Mr. B. Fletcher.
Mr. E. Warren.
in detecting Forgeries, Dr.
presents a genre picture of Welsh people containing biographical lists of its Parlia feuilleton editor of the Frankfurter Zeitung,
and Wales. The long shadow referred to mentary representatives and high sheriffs, but illness prevented his taking up the
is that which according to the proverb and the mayors of its boroughs from the post. Among his works were
Hofman
"a little man may cast," and the cha- earliest time to the present. Engravings von Hofmangwaldau,''Madame Récamier,'
racters of the book are drawn into relation of a few of the more notable men will be and
translations from the
with each other by that shadow.
included.
PROMISING
career
French.
numerous
## p. 198 (#162) ############################################
198
THE ATHENÆUM
No. 4399, FEB. 17, 1912
are
seven
that compound fractures before Lister's day Development and Chromatin Thread-widths
were frequently fatal.
throughout the Animal Kingdom,' by Capt.
SCIENCE
C. F. U. Meek.
Another important discovery of his was
the use of catgut instead of silk to tie
SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES. —Feb. 8. —Dr. C. E.
arteries, the ligature being thus absorbed Read, President, in the chair. —Mr. Charles
Diesel Engines for Land and Marine Work. substances. By this means the healing of foot jousts and for the tourney was regulated with
without the inflammation caused by other ffoulkes read a paper on 'Jousting Cheques of the
Sixteenth Century. The scoring for horse and
By A. P. Chalkley. With Introductory wounds was marvellously accelerated.
Chapter by Dr. R. Diesel. (Constable.
great minuteness, especially in the fifteenth
Prime movers constructed on the principle
Lister became a baronet in 1883, and century, when John Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester,
associated with Dr. Diesel's name
a baron in 1897, his other honours being too drew up a schedule of the value
of each particular
becoming so common nowadays that it was
numerous to mention. He was not spoilt
"attaint” or hit, and of the breaking of lances
or the unhorsing of a combatant. These scores
high time for a book containing
authorita. by success, but retained throughout his
were kept on parallelograms drawn on paper or
tive information regarding the subject.
long life the modesty which is the cha- parchment, with a line running horizontally
racteristic of great men in search of truth. through the centre. The different successes of
inventor of this particular form of internal science, Lord Kelvin. Rich in courtesy and These score sheets do not seem to have been in
The presence of an introduction by the He was as simple as that other pioneer in each jouster were scored on one of the three lines,
combustion engine is sufficient proof that kindness, he will be regretted by many
Mr. Chalkley's volume is trustworthy,
use in other countries—at least, we have no
friends,
knowledge of similar documents in Germany or
and the author may be congratulated on
France. Up to the present
English
the manner in which he has described
cheques are known, two of which are merely
the engine in its many varieties.
sample “ cheques,” showing how the score should
SOCIETIES.
Of special interest are Dr. Diesel's remarks
be marked. The Society of Antiquaries possesses
a cheque which has the unique interest of being
on the far-reaching results of his invention, Royal. —Fcb. 8. —Sir Archibald Geikie, Presi- | probably the private score kept by a herald or
whereby many substances hitherto discarded dent, followed by Sir Alfred Kempe, Vice- king, of arms, on the margin of an elaborately
as waste are proved to be of great value President and Treasurer, in the chair. The emblazoned heraldic scroll, at the Field of the
Cloth of Gold. Two cheques are preserved in
for fuel, thereby allaying the fears of those following papers were read :-
who fix a period
when our coal supply will Norman Lockyer. An account was given of the joust held in May, 1570, and the other to the
The Spectrum of Comet Brooks,' by Sir the Bodleian Library, one of which refers to a
be exhausted, He shows that it is most lines shown in a series of ten photographs of
jousts held in the first year of the reign of Henry
economical to convert the coal into coke, the spectrum of comet Brooks taken between VIII. in honour of the birth of a prince who died
using the resultant tar-oil for fuel in his September 6th and October 31st. Seven of the the same year. The Heralds' College possesses
a gorgeously illuminated roll which shows the
engines, and utilizing other valuable by Dening object, and three
when it was a morning procession to the lists and also the jousting.
products in various ways.
object. The instrument used was a two-inch
quartz-calcite prismatic camera.
articles or conditions and the signature of Henry
"A Chemically Active Modification of Nitrogen, VIII. , which was posted at the entrance to the
produced by the Electric Discharge,' by Mr.
Tilt yard, now the present Horse Guards' Parade,
R. J. Strutt.
is preserved in the British Museum, which also
LORD LISTER.
1. Active nitrogen emits its energy more quickly, provides another jousting cheque giving part of
the score of the jousts held on May 22nd, 1518,
The death of Lord Lister, full of years and and reverts sooner to ordinary nitrogen, if it is
in honour of the visit of Margaret Tudor, Queen of
honours, on Saturday last at Walmer, cooled. This is apparently a unique instance of a
chemical change accelerated by cooling.
Scots. None of these cheques agrees exactly
removes one of the greatest benefactors of 2. If the glowing gas is compressed to small with the sample scores given by the Earl of
the human race. The saving of life and volume it flashes out with great brilliance, and
Worcester, but his marking is so elaborate that
relief from pain due to his discoveries can exhausts itself in so doing. This proves that the it is evident that a simpler form was used, for
hardly be realized by a generation which
glow-transformation is polymolecular, i. e. , that all the actual score sheets agree one with the
regards them as truisms.
more than one molecule must take part in it. other, though the individual points of course differ
in each case.
3. Active nitrogen may revert to ordinary
Born in 1827, of Quaker stock, he was the nitrogen in two distinct ways. One of these is a
Mr. Penrose Williams read a paper on 'The
son of Joseph Jackson Lister, a merchant volume change, accompanied by glow ; the other
Excavation of the Holy Well of St. Constantine
who figures in the ‘ Dictionary of National glow. This is analogous to the behaviour of
a surface action of the walls of the vessel, without at St. Merryn, Cornwall. The ruins of Constan.
tine Church, in the parish of St. Merryn, stand on
Biography' as an expert in microscopy, oxy-hydrogen gas in its transformation to water,
a sandy hill to the south of a marsh several acres
and, after beginning his education at two which may be a surface or volume effect, according in extent. Local tradition is strong as to the
Quaker schools, studied medicine at Uni- to circumstances.
existence of a Holy Well, but its exact position
• The Atomic Weight of Radium,' by Mr. R.
had been lost.
versity College, London, and held a post as
The probable site was found
Whytlaw-Gray and Sir W. Ramsay. The mate- several years ago, and in August, 1911, Mr.
Assistant at University College Hospital.
rial for this research consisted of 330 mgrs. of a
Charles Mott and Mr. Penrose Williams explored
A visit to James Syme, the famous surgeon mixture of radium and barium bromides, con- the spot and discovered a nearly complete
building, which in the course of time had become
at Edinburgh, led to his prolonging his taining 206 mgrs, of radium bromide,
supplied by
the courtesy of the British Radium Corporation. buried by successive layers of river deposit and
stay and working under him. He married
The bromides were submitted to methodical blown sand, the original ground level and floor
Syme's daughter in 1856, and in the same
fractional crystallization, and yielded specimens
of the little chapel being 7 ft. lower than the
year was made Assistant Surgeon of the of which the change in weight on conversion from present marsh level. The building measures,
Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. In 1860 his bromide to chloride with gaseous hydrogen inside, about 71 ft. by 5 ft. The side walls are
gathered in as they rise, so as to meet at a height
learned papers won him the F. R. S. , and chloride, and from chloride to bromide with
he became Professor of Surgery at Glasgow the micro-balance. The atomic weight increased
gaseous hydrogen bromide, was determined with of about 7 ft. ; the long axis is exactly north and
south, and at the south end the wall is hollowed
University ; in 1869 he left this post for a progressively from 220•7, through a series of out into a low arch curving over the well, and
similar one at Edinburgh; and finally in 1877 approximations, to the final atomic weight above this arch is a square recess nearly 3 ft.
he took the chair of Clinical Surgery in 226°36, the last five determinations giving the wide and of the same depth. A stone seat runs
along either wall, and between them, down the
King's College, London, which he occupied figures 228-40, 226-25, 228-35, 226. 35, and 226-45.
till 1893.
The Emission of Electricity from Carbon at
middle of the floor, which is paved with slabs of
High Temperatures,' by Dr. J. A. Harker and stone, runs an open gully formed of a hollowed-
Syme was, as readers of 'Horæ Sub- Dr. G. W. O. Kaye. This paper discussed several out beam of oak, in a position to act as an overflow
secivæ' will remember, a surgeon of re-
new phenomena, including the generation of conduit for the well water. In the north-west
markable skill, but the mortality attending what appears to be a new method. Two insulated
electric currents of considerable magnitude by corner is a doorway with rounded corners of
dressed stone, and on either side a deeply cut
operations in his day was terrible. Surgical carbon electrodes are inserted into a carbon tube groove suitable to receive doorposts.
fever,” as it was called, killed one patient resistance furnace at high temperatures, and are
after another. Lister set himself to study connected externally through a suitable
current-
this phenomenon, and, applying Pasteur's
If one of the electrodes is suddenly
MATHEMATICAL. --Feb. 8. -Dr. H. F. Baker,
far-reaching discoveries in bacteriology,
displaced to a colder or hotter part of the furnace; President, in the chair. --Messrs. H. J. Priestley
a reversible transient current is produced in the
devised a series of germicides and the
and C. J. T. Sewell were elected Members.
circuit without the application of any external
The President alluded to the loss the world, and
treatment with carbolic acid now universally potential. By such
currents up to
especially the Cambridge mathematical world,
familiar. His first public announcement 2. ampères have been obtained. The produc-
had sustained by the death of Mr. W. M. Coates.
came in 1865, but it was some years before
tion of an alternating current is thus rendered
-Mr. Hardy read a paper on 'Some Results con-
possible by the use of a suitable periodic device.
he fully established against hostile criticism • The so-called Thermoid Effect and the Ques-
cerning Diophantine Approximations, which led
the validity of his antiseptic methods, which
to much discussion. --Papers by Profs. W. Burn-
tion of Superheating of a Platinum-Silver Re-
side and H. C. Dixon were communicated from
he steadily improved,
sistance used in Continuous-Flow Calorimetry,' by
the chair.
Prof. H. T. Barneg.
His results spoke for themselves ; not "An Optical Determination of the Variation
only were operations of all kinds hitherto of Stress in a Thin Rectangular Plate subjected HELLENIC. -Feb. 13. -Mr. Guy Dickins read
regarded as impossible performed with to Shear,' by Dr. E. G. Coker.
& paper on 'Chilon and the Growth of Spartan
Spectroscopic Observations : Lithium and Policy. '
safety, but also amputations, which were
Mr. Dickins said the early history of
Sparta differed very little from that of other
previously hurried on to escape putrefaction, cesium,' by Dr. P. V. Bevan.
"A Metrical Analysis of Chromosome Com- Greek states. During the eighth century B. C. the
were avoided. It is difficult to believe now plexes, showing Correlation between Evolutionary old monarchical system in Greece was generally
66
measurer.
means
6
## p. 199 (#163) ############################################
No. 4399, FEB. 17, 1912
199
THE ATHENÆUM
are
numerous
as
more
>
or
or
superseded by aristocracies or permitted to survive
is now on his way to explore the upper
only in a mutilated form. In the middle of the
seventh century a further reaction set in, and
course of the Uraricuèra and the sources of
Science Gossip.
democratic movements led to de widespread
the Orinoco, a neighbourhood in which there
adoption of tyranny, which itself gave way, about
Indian tribes who have
DR. ALLEN HARKER'S Royal Institution
a century later, to a revival of constitutional
forms in the shape of democracies or moderate
lecture on very high temperatures went
never yet come in contact with white men.
oligarchies. Sparta offered no exception to this off very well yesterday week, although he
The astronomical sensation suggested at
rule. We might put the synecism of the five altered his intention of producing.
the beginning of January by a telegram
Dorian settlements about 800 B. C. , rather earlier
an illustration the boiling-point of 'iron. from America seeming to imply the breaking
than the general emergence of Greek states from
chaos; the struggle between the principles of
Instead, he showed in an electric furnace up of Saturn's ring was apparently based on
the boiling-point of tin, at about 2,300° C. , a mistranslation.
monarchy and aristocracy about 720, when the
Prof. Todd of Amherst
Rhetra of Lycurgus marked a satisfactory settle- and he made clear the practical difficulty College, New York, for some reason not very
ment; and the rise of democratic principles under of estimating temperatures higher than any obvious, sent his message in Latin, and the
Asteropus about 620.
Chilon the ephor lived about 550, and was the scale which he exhibited the highest point esse interpretatus sum.
that can be produced on the earth. In the words quam oculorum dissipationem anuli
contained in it
creator of historic Sparta. Hitherto the social,
artistic, and constitutional development of Sparta
marked was the 5,000° C. supposed to
were taken to imply planetary catastrophe,
had been normal, but we now find a revolution exist in the sun; and he mentioned that For some years past Prof. Todd has observed
in all departments of Spartan life. Socially Prof. Kamerlingh Onnes had informed him Saturn in the hope of optically resolving the
Sparta ceased to be an art-producing community.
Luxury and wealth declined, warfare became
that, by the use of a very large quantity of ring, or, in other words, of visualizing the
professional, and strangers like Timotheus or
helium, he had succeeded in producing a separate particles of which it is composed,
Theodorus no longer found a welcome. In con- temperature of little
than 1° and he considered that the words “ oculorum
stitutional history there was a rapid rise of the absolute, or – 273° C. Coupled with this, dissipatio” gave the correct equivalent in
ephorate to power, and the relations of Ariston one should consider Sir James Dewar's Latin of optical resolution," and should
and Anaxandrides with the ephors show that the remark earlier in the session-i. e. , that not have been taken to mean an actual
kings could now be deposed or threatened with
deposition. We may therefore attribute to this Prof. Nernst's and Prof. Onnes's latest dissipation of the ring.
period the origin of the Ino-Pasiphae cult at experiments all went to show that, as the
Thalamas, a Cretan ritual probably due to the absolute zero of temperature is approached,
THE rather mysterious appearance called
the zodiacal light,' sometimes seen
influence of Epimenides and Chilon, and intended the specific heats and the electrical resist- extending upwards from the western horizon,
as a counterblast to the royal influence at Delphi.
The most startling changes were in foreign policy and matter becomes, so to speak, undiffer-
ance of all the chemical elements disappear, like the beam of a faint searchlight, on spring
since Sparta suddenly abandoned the policy of
evenings, from the eastern horizon
conquest for that of confederation. This change entiated.
before dawn in the autumn, has been
was due not to inability to conquer Tegea, nor to On the biological side, Prof. Bateson's supposed to
fears fabout the helot population, but to the
be the effect of cosmical
policy of Chilon, which was wholly devoted to
course at the same Institution on 'The Study dust,
which
small meteoric bodies
the principle of lessening the powers of the kings
of Genetics ’ is drawing to a close, the con- surround the sun, as Saturn's ring sur-
and increasing those of the epbors. Foreign cluding lecture being fixed for Tuesday, the rounds that planet, and it is thought that
conquest was abandoned because it would redound 20th inst. Prof. Bateson, who has taken these are what we see.
to the advantage of the kings as generals and
A correspondent
colonizers. The reintroduction at this time of the
occasion more than once during the course of a contemporary makes the suggestion
áywyn, or rules for life, attributed to Lycurgus,
to correct the reports of his remarks appear that the existence of such a swarm of small
and really derived from immemorial Dorian tra-
ing in the daily press, has insisted throughout cosmical bodies may be the cause of the
dition, was due to the samo principle of establish- on the difficulties which await what he calls isothermal layer of the earth's atmosphere,
ing a completely democratic or socialistic state the "systematists” when they attempt to or thr stratum of air about 7 miles above
in which neither tyranny nor aristocracy could clasisfy or
find a footing. Sparta was thus led by her ex.
even to state the principles the earth's surface, where the temperature
clusiveness to champion particularism against
governing variation in animals and plants. does not decrease with height, lately de-
Panhellenism, and to renounce empire in favour In one of his lectures Prof. Bateson drew tected by meteorologists. The idea is
of a vague hegemony. At first the Chilonian attention to the division of the cell which that the heat received from the sun by
scheme was accepted, but after the lapse of a
generation Cleomenes instituted a struggle with
can be observed with the microscope, with these small bodies, which are a good deal
the ephorate which ended in the practical anni-
the remark that we have no notion what beyond the earth's atmosphere, is reflected
bilation of the royal power.
it is that is actually happening. It is likely, into our atmosphere and penetrates its
A discussion followed, in which Sir Arthur however, that this uncertainty may before layers as far as the outer limits of the cloud
Evans, Dr. Waldstein, Mr. E. Norman Gardiner, long be removed. In a lecture at the layer.
and Mr. P. N. Ure took part.
Lister Institute published in the current
number
of the Proceedings of the Royal of forty years ago Mr. G. B. Longstaff, in
AFTER some entomological reminiscences
Society of Medicine, Sir Ronald Ross de-
Yox. Victoria and Albert Museum, 5. -'Famous Elizabethan Man.
scribed a process elaborated by his brother,
Butterfly Hunting in Many Lands,' gives
Institute of British Architecta, S. -'Collegiate Architecture,' Mr. H. C. Ross, and himself, by which cell.
a detailed account of his experiences in
Royal Academy. 8. — Pigments Old and New, and their Value division in the case of leucocytes, or the and South Africa, the West Indies, and
recent years in India, Ceylon, Japan, North
Society of Arts, $. - The Meat Industry. Lecture I[I. , 'The white corpuscles of the blood in man and
Pig and its Products,' Mr. L. M. Douglas. (Cantor Lecture. )
TUES. Royal Institution, 3. - The study of Genetics,' Lecture VI. ,
other animals, could not only be observed, but
New Zealand, a winter ascent of the Peak
British Museum, 4. 30. - 'Roman Tombs, Aqueducts, and
also forced, as it were, to take place at will.
of Tenerife and the Jamaican earthquake
Statistical, 8. - The Rate of Discount and the Price of Console. "
This is the result of the addition of certain being described at some length. Butterflies
chemicals belonging to the amidine grouping, bees and wasps. come in for a share of atten-
Mr. T. T. Williams; 'The Rate of Interest since 1884,' Mr.
the first place, but moths and beetles,
Illuminating Engineering, 8. -Shoplighting. ' Messrs. N. W.
to which the discoverers have given the
Prangnell and A. E. Broadberry.
Institution of Civil Engineers, 8. -'Some Features of the West
names of auxetics and augmentors.
tion. Isolated entries in notebooks are strung
The
Anthropological
Institute, 8. 15. --Farther Cave Explorations
first-named include extracts of different together into a continuous narrative, especial
in Gibraltar in September, 1911,' Dr. W. L. H. Duckworth; organs, such as creatine and xanthine, and last chapter numerous observations
attention being given to habits. In the
On some Prehistoric Monumonts in the Departments Gard
and Bouches du Rhône,' Mr. A. L. Lewis.
vegetable alkaloids, among which are theo
Zoological, 8. 30. - Notes on Age-determination in Scales of
Salmonoide, with special reference to Wye Salmon,' Dr. A. T. bromine and caffeine ; while the augmentors brought together under various headings,
Masterman Studies on Pearl-Oysters,' Dr. H. L'Jameson; comprise atropine, choline, cadaverine, and
such as the scents of butterflies, peculiarities
in their flight or in their attitudes at rest,
Meteorological, 7. 30. - The Thunderstorms of May 31, 1911, the like. As Sir Ronald Ross points out, mimicry, &c. Several new species of various
Mr. J. Fairgrieve; 'The Thunderstorms of July 29, 1911,
Mr. R. G. K. Lempfert ; 'The Drosometer, or Measurer of
this is of great importance in regard to
orders are
figured.
Messrs. Longmans
the genesis of certain tumours and the phy expect to issue the book at the end of the
-
British Numismatic, 8.
Microscopical, 8. -' Fourth List of New Species of Rotifera siological process of healing.
since 1889. Mr. C. F. Rousselet ; . On the Colouring of
month.
Dr. Koch GRÜNBERG of the University of
Royal Academy, 8. - The Chemistry of Pigments,' Lecture I. ,
Freiburg i/Br. , who has been travelling in
THE LIFE OF THE PLANT,' by C. A.
Society of Arts. 8. -' The British Silk Industry and its De.
velopment since 1903,' Mr. F. Warner.
South America since last summer, has sent Timiriazeff, embodies a course of lectures
Tuors, Royal Institution. 3. -The Portraits of Shakespeare, Autho-
ritative and Otherwise, Lecture II. , Yr. M. H. Spielmann.
home a report of his expedition.
delivered by the author in Moscow to a
Royal, 4. 30. -'The Variation of the Specific Heat of Water
investigated by the Contianous Mixture Method,' Prof. H. L.
plored the districts between Brazil, Vene. general audience. Since their first publica-
Callendar (Bakerian Lecture); Index to Reports of zuela, and British Guiana, crossing extensive tion they have passed through seven edi.
Physical Observations - Electric, Magnetic, Meteorological,
Boismological-made at Kow Observatory. ' Dr. C. Ohree; and savannahs and mountain ranges. On Octo- tions, though now translated into English
Institution of Electrical Engineers, 8. -'The Supply and
ber 7th he ascended the sandstone moun.
for the first time.
Transmission of Power in self-contained Road Vehicles and tains of Guiana (2,600 m. ). In addition A study of the principles of flight is
Locomotives,' Messrs. J. O. Macfarlane and 8. Burge.
Society of Antiquaries, 8. 30.
to drawing, maps of the whole route he contained in The Mechanics of the Aero-
Institution of Civil Eagineers, 8. -Works for the Prevention
of Coast . Krosion, Lecture II. , Mr. W. T. Douglass. traversed, he has studied the habits and plane,' by Capt. Duchêne. The first part
(Students' Meeting. )
Royal Academy, 8. –The Chemistry of Pigments,' Lecture II. ,
languages of the tribes with whom he came of the work deals with the support of the
Royal Institution, 9. -'The Gyrostatic Compass and Practical
in contact, and has, by means of phonograph aeroplane in still air, and the various factors
Applications of Gyrostats,' Mr. G. K. B. Elphinstone. and cinematograph, obtained many valuable of speed, weight, thrust, motive power,
Sat. Royal Lastitution, 3. -'Molecular Physics," Lecture I. , Prof.
records for ethnographical purposes. He lifting efficiency, wing area, gliding flight,
MEETINGS NEXT WEEK.
sions,' Mr. B. Fletcher.
Mr. E. Warren.
in detecting Forgeries, Dr.
