And we see here, as the eternal nature moved and aroused itself with the creation of the world, that the fury was aroused with it and
revealed
itself also in creatures, as one then finds many evil animals, also herbs and trees as well as worms, toads, snakes, and the like.
Schelling-Philosophical-Investigations-into-the-Essence-of-Human-Freedom
Hence, the portents [Vorbedeutungen] that con- tain in themselves no interpretation and are explained only by man.
Hence, the general finality99 of causes that, likewise, becomes under- standable only from this point of view.
Whoever now overlooks or ig- nores all these intermediary definitions has no difficulty with refuta- tion.
Merely historical critique is in fact a comfortable matter.
In the course of this, one need expend nothing of oneself, one's own capital, and can observe fittingly the Caute, per Deos!
incede, latet ignis sub ce- nere doloso [Proceed with caution, by the gods!
--fire hides under the treacherous ash].
100 But, in the course of this, arbitrary and untried presuppositions are unavoidable.
Thus, in order to prove that there are only two manners of explaining evil--the dualistic, according to which there is assumed an evil fundamental being [Grundwesen], no matter with which modifications, under or next to the good one, and the Kabbalistic, according to which evil is explained through emana- tion and distancing--and that every other system therefore must abolish the distinction between good and evil; in order to prove this, nothing less would be required than the full power of a deeply thought-out and thoroughly developed philosophy.
In a system, every concept has its definite place where it is alone valid and which also determines its meaning as well as its limitation.
Whoever now does not examine the inner core [das Innere], but lifts only the most general concepts out of their context--how may he judge the whole correctly?
Thus we have shown | the particular point of the system where the concept of indifference is indeed the only possible concept of the absolute.
If it is now taken generally, the whole is distorted, and it also follows then that this system abolishes the personality of the highest being.
We have been hitherto silent about this frequently heard accusation as about many others, but believe that we have es- tablished the first clear concept of personality in this treatise.
In the non-ground or indifference there is admittedly no personality.
But is the beginning point really the whole?
Now we challenge those who have made such an accusation with ease to present us in contrast, ac- cording to their views, with even the most exiguous understanding [das geringste Versta?
ndliche] about this concept.
Overall we find rather that they claim the personality of God is incomprehensible and in no way to be made understandable, and they are also entirely
SW | 411-412 73
74 OA 507-509
right to do so in so far as they hold precisely those abstract systems in which all personality is utterly impossible for the only rationally consistent ones, which is also presumably the reason they attribute the like to anyone who does not condemn science and reason. By contrast, we are of the opinion that a clear, rational view must be pos- sible precisely from the highest concepts in so far as only in this way can they really be our own, accepted in ourselves and eternally grounded. Indeed, we go even further and hold, with Lessing himself, that the development of revealed truths into truths of reason is sim- ply necessary, if the human race is to be helped thereby. *,101 We are likewise convinced that reason is fully adequate to expose every pos- sible error (in genuinely spiritual matters) and that the inquisitorial demeanor in the judgment of philosophical systems is entirely super- fluous. ? To transfer an absolute dualism of good and evil to history whereby either the one or the other principle prevails in all manifes- tations and works of the human spirit, whereby there are only two systems | and two religions, one absolutely good and another simply evil; further, the opinion that everything began in purity and simplic- ity and all subsequent developments (that were of course necessary in order to reveal the particular aspects contained in the first unity and thereby to reveal the unity fully itself) were only decay and falsifi- cation--while this whole view serves critique as a powerful sword of Alexander with which to chop the Gordian knot in two effortlessly everywhere, it introduces into history, however, a thoroughly illiberal and highly reductive point of view. There was a time that preceded this separation; and one worldview and religion which, although op- posed to the absolute one, sprang forth from its own ground and not from a falsification of the first one. 102 Paganism is, taken historically, as original as Christianity and, although only a ground and basis of something higher, it is not derived from anything else.
These reflections lead back to our point of beginning. A system that contradicts the most holy feelings, character and moral con- sciousness, can never be called, at least in this respect, a system of reason, but rather only one of non-reason [Unvernunft]. To the
* Education of the Human Race, Para. 76.
? Especially when on the other hand one wants to speak only of viewpoints
[Ansichten], where one should be speaking of truths that alone tend to- ward salvation.
contrary, a system in which reason really recognized itself, would have to unify all demands of the spirit as well as those of the heart and those of the moral feeling as well as those of the most rigorous understanding. The polemic against reason and science does in fact allow for a certain elevated generality which dispenses with exact concepts so that we can guess more easily its intentions than its defi- nite meaning. However, we fear that even if we did fathom its definite meaning, we would not come upon anything extraordinary. For, no matter how high we place reason, we do not believe, for example, that anyone may be virtuous or a hero or generally a great human being on the basis of pure reason, indeed, not even, according to the familiar phrase, that the human race can be propagated by it. 103 Only in personality is there life, and all personality rests on a dark ground that indeed must therefore be the ground of cognition as well. But it is only the understanding that develops what is hidden and contained in this ground | merely potentialiter [potentially] and raises it to actu- ality [zum Aktus]. This can only occur through division, thus through science and dialectic, of which we are convinced that they alone will hold fixed and bring permanently to cognition the system which has been there more often than we think but has always again slipped away, hovering before us and not yet fully grasped by anyone. As in life we actually have faith only in powerful understanding and most frequently miss all tender feeling in those who always show off their feelings, so selfhood, having reduced things merely to feeling, also cannot win in us any trust where one is dealing with truth and cogni- tion. Feeling is glorious if it remains in the ground, but it is not so when it steps into daylight, wanting to make itself into a being and to rule. If, according to Franz Baader's striking views, the drive to know is most analogous with the reproductive drive,*,104 then there is something in cognition analogous to discipline and shame and, con- versely, also a lack of discipline and shamelessness, a kind of faun-like appetite that samples everything without the seriousness and with- out the love to build or shape something. The bond of our personality is spirit, and if only the active linking of both principles can become creative and productive [erzeugend], then inspiration in the genuine sense is the active principle of every productive [erzeugenden] and
* One should see the treatise on this matter in the Annuals for Medicine, Vol. III, No. 1, p. 113.
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76 OA 510-511
formative art or science. Every inspiration expresses itself in a defi- nite way; and thus there is also one that expresses itself through a di- alectical artistic drive, a genuinely scientific inspiration. For that rea- son there is also a dialectical philosophy that, defined as science, is distinctly separate, for example, from poetry and religion, and some- thing that stands entirely for itself but is not identical with everything possible in turn, one after another, as those claim who presently labor to blend everything with everything else in so many writings. It is said that reflection is hostile to the idea [Idee]; but it is exactly the highest triumph of truth that it may emerge victorious from the most extreme division | and separation. Reason is in man that which, ac- cording to the mystics, the primum passivum [first passivity] or initial wisdom is in God in which all things are together and yet distinct, identical and yet free each in its own way. 105 Reason is not activity, like spirit, nor is it the absolute identity of both principles of cogni- tion, but rather indifference; the measure and, so to speak, the gen- eral place of truth, the peaceful site in which primordial wisdom is re- ceived, in accordance with which, as if looking away toward the archetype [Urbild], understanding should develop. On the one hand, philosophy receives its name from love, as the general inspiring prin- ciple, on the other hand, from this original wisdom which is her genu- ine goal.
If the dialectical principle, that is, the understanding which is dif- ferentiating but thereby organically ordering and shaping things in conjunction with the archetype by which it steers itself, is withdrawn from philosophy so that it no longer has in itself either measure or rule, then nothing else is left to philosophy but to orient itself histori- cally and to take the tradition as its source and plumb line to which it had recourse earlier with a similar result. Then it is time, as one in- tended to ground our poetry through acquaintance with the litera- ture [Dichtungen] of all nations, to seek for philosophy a historical norm and basis as well. We harbor the greatest respect for the pro- found significance of historical research and believe we have shown that the almost general opinion that man only gradually raised him- self up from the dullness of animal instinct to reason is not our own. 106 Nevertheless we believe that the truth may lie closer and that we should seek solutions for the problems that trouble our time first in ourselves and on our own territory before we turn to such distant sources. The time of purely historical belief is past, if the possibility
of immediate cognition is granted [gegeben]. We have an older revela- tion than any written one--nature. The latter contains a typology [Vorbilder] that no man has yet interpreted, whereas the written one received its fulfillment and interpretation long ago. If the understand- ing of this unwritten revelation were made manifest, the only | true system of religion and science would appear not in the poorly assem- bled state of a few philosophical and critical concepts, but rather at once in the full brilliance of truth and nature. It is not the time to rouse old oppositions once again, but rather to seek that which lies outside of, and beyond, all opposition.
The present treatise will be followed by a series of others in which the entirety of the ideal part of philosophy will gradually be presented.
SW | 415-416 77
SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTS
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
The purpose of the following supplementary texts is to provide a se- lection of important texts that we think offer a useful background to the Philosophical Investigations but are not readily available in En- glish translation; indeed, we believe that the text from Baader is made available in English here for the first time. We have organized these texts around two broad conceptual streams that have a major impact on both the conceptual and rhetorical structure of the Philo- sophical Investigations. The first of these may be referred to as the "theosophical" stream while the second deals with the tension between reason and revelation that emerged with greatest clarity in the so-called Pantheismusstreit of the 1780s but which was preceded and prefigured by Lessing's earlier polemic with Goeze of which Lessing's enigmatic text, "A Parable," is but one notable product. While the texts are merely a selection--others could have been cho- sen to fulfill the same purpose--we believe that they are well-suited for this purpose both due to their brevity and considerable concen- tration of thought.
Theosophical Texts
Under this grouping we include two texts, one by Jacob Boehme, the other by Franz Xaver von Baader.
Jacob Boehme (1575-1624) is one of the most important figures in the German tradition of speculative mysticism, and he had a tremen- dous influence not only on Schelling but on a veritable pantheon of German thinkers from Leibniz to Hegel. The text we include here in its entirety, the Mysterium Pansophicum (1620), gives a compressed overview of Boehme's erotically charged mystical thought while pre- senting in its own highly specific context a concept that has major im- portance for the Philosophical Investigations, the "non-ground. "1
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Franz Xaver von Baader (1765-1841) was a contemporary of Schelling and one of the latter's closer associates after his relocation to Munich in 1806. There seems to have been a rather intense intellec- tual collaboration between the two, of which the text included here, "On the Assertion that There Can Be No Wicked Use of Reason" (1807), would seem to provide ample evidence. This text affirms one of the crucial aspects of the Philosophical Investigations, its emphasis on evil not as a deficiency or surrender to sensuality, to the "animal" in man, but rather as very much a positive force, one that expresses a perverse "humanization" of ostensibly animal ends through the sup- posed perfections of man, foremost among which is the "heavenly light" of reason.
Pantheism Texts
Under this grouping we include four texts, one each by Gotthold Eph- raim Lessing and Johann Gottfried Herder and two by Friedrich Hein- rich Jacobi.
These texts all center around an issue of great complexity and amplitude in late eighteenth-century German thought, the authority of reason and, more generally, the authority of reason in relation to faith, the notorious contest between Athens and Jerusalem, revived by the propagation of Enlightenment ideals among German thinkers in the latter half of the eighteenth century. This contest plays an ex- tremely important role in Schelling's philosophical thought and in the Philosophical Investigations since, despite all misleading appear- ances, Schelling never sought to abandon the authority of reason for revelation and, in this respect, became one of Jacobi's most fero- cious critics. Rather, when Schelling seeks to defend system, as he does in the Philosophical Investigations, he is seeking to defend rea- son against its enemies and, of course, against its most formidable enemy, evil, which could be said to draw more to revelation and dis- gust with reason than any other fact of human life--this is the sense in which Schelling's defense of reason is also very much a theodicy of reason.
We have included a remarkable text by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781) called "The Parable" (1778). As noted previously, this text forms part of a larger polemic with the orthodox Lutheran pastor
SUPPLEMENTARYTEXTS | INTRODUCTORYNOTE | 83
Johann Melchior Goeze, the senior representative of the Hamburg clergy, over the authority of the Bible. In essence, the argument turned on the fundamental question of whether the Bible reveals truths that are unassailable by reason because they are revealed or not. Lessing took the side of reason, suggesting that the Bible could be criticized on a rational basis without necessarily undermining faith, that objec- tions against the Bible were not in themselves objections against faith but that some standard (namely, a rational one) of critique was neces- sary--here Lessing's choice was for rational, natural theology and not revelation, for a way of reading the Bible more closely (if covertly) linked to Spinoza's Theological-Political Treatise. Among other things, "The Parable" reflects this critique and the dangers of revelation whose tyrannical inconstancy may entail very dangerous conse- quences for the "quite exceptional architecture" of the whole.
In this sense, "The Parable" represents the kernel of a rationalist critique of the emphasis on revelation, the "leap of faith" or salto mor- tale that marks the contribution to German thought of Friedrich Hein- rich Jacobi (1743-1819). The two texts we include here, excerpts from Jacobi's famous book, On the Doctrine of Spinoza in Letters to Mr. Moses Mendelssohn (1785), and from additions made to the second edition of the same book, which appeared in 1789, give a reasonably clear indication of Jacobi's position and suggest his importance for Schelling as an opponent to be overcome.
Jacobi's book relates several conversations with Lessing, whom Jacobi had met in 1780, and, in doing so, it intentionally suggests that Lessing was a Spinozist. This suggestion was shocking and disorient- ing for Jacobi's contemporaries; it launched one of the great intellec- tual tumults of the late eighteenth century, the so-called Pantheismus- streit or the "pantheism debate," which engaged all the foremost minds of that extraordinarily fecund period including Goethe, Kant, Hamann, and Herder. 2 This revelation had such force because in the peculiar milieu of late eighteenth-century German intellectual life, "Spinozism" meant "Pantheism," which in turn meant a rationalist atheism. The debate over Lessing's adherence to Spinozism or pantheism became a debate over the authority of reason and, ulti- mately, a debate over the value of Enlightenment that in various mu- tations and different terms has continued practically unabated down to the present day. One of Schelling's more remarkable exhibitions of intellectual virtuosity are his opening comments in the Philosophical
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Investigations on the concept of pantheism where he develops--in avowed opposition to Spinoza--a concept of rationality that has much to do with his philosophy of nature; this concept emphasizes dynamic tension and interplay, the constant activity of opposed forces, a dialectic rather than axiomatic model of rationality.
In this respect, we thought it appropriate to provide a brief excerpt from Johann Gottfried Herder's God. Some Conversations (1787) as the final one in this group. Herder (1744-1803) wrote this text as his rather late entry into the pantheism debate. This excerpt exemplifies Herder's organic and dynamic sense of the structure of the whole, a way of characterizing the whole that is everywhere evident in Schell- ing; it also provides an important backdrop to the fundamental rela- tion between ground and existence which is so central to the Philo- sophical Investigations and which Schelling claims to have derived from the natural philosophy of his day, that is, from his own earlier work in that area. Moreover, we chose an excerpt from Herder be- cause his considerable influence on Schelling has been relatively undervalued. 3
JACOB BOEHME
Mysterium Pansophicum
Or Thorough Report on the Earthly and Heavenly Mysterium1
The First Text
Summaries
The eternal ground of magia forms in itself since there is nothing, para.
The non-ground is an eternal nothing but forms an eternal beginning as a craving [Sucht]. For the nothing is a craving for something. And since there is also nothing that may give something, the craving is it- self the giving of that which is indeed also a nothing as merely a desir- ing [begehrende] craving. And that is the eternal primal state of magia which forms in itself since there is nothing. It forms something from nothing, and that just in itself and, since indeed the same craving is also a nothing as only a mere will, the will has nothing and is also nothing that may give itself something; and it has also no place where it could find or rest itself.
The Second Text
Summaries
The nothing is a craving, that forms in itself the will to something, para. 1. The will, however, is a spirit and a magus and is caused by the craving, 2. whence nature and the spirit of nature is to be conceived [ersinnen], 3.
Whereas a craving thus exists now in nothing, it makes the will into something for itself. And the same will is a spirit as a thought that
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sets forth from craving and is the craving's seeker, for the will finds its mother as the craving. Now, the same will is a magus in its mother, since it found something in the nothing as its mother. And because it found its mother, it now has a dwelling place.
2. And understand herein how the will is a spirit and different from desiring craving. For the will is an insentient and unknowing life, but the craving is found by the will and is a being [Wesen] in the will. Now it is recognized that the craving is a magia and the will is a magus, and that the will is larger than its mother who gives it. For the will is the master in the mother, and the mother is recognized as silent and the will as a life without origin; and because indeed the craving is a cause of the will but without cognition and understanding, and the will is the craving's understanding.
3. Thus we briefly present nature and the spirit of nature--what has been eternally without primal state--for you to consider and find thus that the will as the spirit has no place for its rest; but the craving is its own place and the will is bound to it and yet is also not held fast [ergriffen].
The Third Text
Summaries
The will is the eternal omnipotence and rules over the craving and gov- erns the life of craving, paras. 1, 2. The eternal will-spirit is God, 3, 4.
Whereas the eternal will is thus free from the craving, and the craving is, however, not free from the will, for the will rules over the craving; thus we recognize the will as the eternal omnipotence. For it has no equal; and though the craving is in fact an arousal of attraction or de- sire, it is, however, without understanding, and it has a life but with- out intelligence.
2. Now the will governs the life of craving and acts on the life as it sees fit. And if the will does something it is yet not recognized until the same being reveals itself with the will, that it becomes a being in the will's life; thus is recognized what the will has formed.
3. And we thus recognize the eternal will-spirit as God and the stir- ring life of the craving as nature. For there is nothing prior, and both
BOEHME | MYSTERIUMPANSOPHICUM | 87
are without beginning; and each is the cause for the other and an eternal bond.
4. And thus is the spirit of the will an eternal knowledge of the non- ground, and the life of the craving an eternal being of the will.
The Fourth Text
Summaries
The craving is a desiring, para. 1. and desiring is an attracting, 2. The will takes, since nothing is, and becomes pregnant, 3. and gives birth in itself, 4. namely, a word or echo, 5. and inaugurates the intelligible life of magia, 6. The threefold spirit is its master: the word its residence, 7, 8. and stands in the middle as a heart, ibid. Thus is God and nature from eternity, 9.
Whereas the craving is thus desire and the same desire is a life, then the same desiring life goes forward within the craving, and is always pregnant with the craving.
2. And desire is an austere attraction and yet has nothing but itself as the eternity without ground; now it conceives magically as its own desire toward substance.
3. For the will takes now, since nothing is; it is master and posses- sor, it is itself not a being [Wesen] and yet rules in the being. And the being makes the will desirous [begehrend], namely of the being. And thus the will then becomes desirous in itself, it is thus magical and impregnates itself as with spirit without being, for it is in the primal state only spirit. Thus it makes in its imagination only spirit and be- comes pregnant with spirit as the eternal knowing [Wissenheit] of the non-ground, in omnipotence of the life without being.
4. And thus the will is then pregnant, the act of giving birth hap- pens in itself and lives in itself. For the life-essence of the other can- not take hold of this impregnation and cannot be its holder. There- fore, the impregnation must happen in itself and be its own holder as a son in eternal spirit.
5. And because this impregnation has no being, so it is a voice or an echo as a word of spirit, and it remains in the primal state of spirit, for it otherwise has no residence other than in the primal state of spirit.
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6. And a will is still in this word, a will that wants to go out into a being, and the same will is the original will's life, which goes out from the giving birth as from the mouth of will into the life of magia as into nature. And the will inaugurates the unintelligible life of magia--that it is a mysterium--because an understanding lies essentially within and receives therefore an essential spirit, since every essence is an arcanum or a mysterium of a whole being. And therefore the will exists in the concept as an unfathomable miracle of eternity, since many lives are born without number; and yet everything together is just one being [Ein Wesen].
7. And the threefold spirit without being is its master and possessor, and since it does not possess the nature-being it thus lives in itself.
8. The word is its centrum or residence and stands in the middle as a heart. And the spirit of the word--which originally came into being in the first will--inaugurates [ero? ffnet] the miracles of the essential life, that there are thus two mysteria: one in the spirit-life and one in the essential life. And the spirit-life is recognized as God and also rightly so called; and the essential life is recognized as nature-life, which would have no understanding if the spirit or the spirit-life were not desiring, in which desiring the divine being as the eternal word and heart of God is always and eternally born, and from which the de- siring will goes out eternally as its spirit into the nature-life and in all of this inaugurates the mysterium from the essences [Essentien] and in the essences, so that there are thus two lives and also two beings from and in one united, eternal, and unfathomable original condition.
9. And thus we recognize what God and nature is, how both exist from eternity without united ground and beginning, for it is always an eternally lasting beginning. It begins always and from eternity in eter- nity, since there is no number, for it is the non-ground.
The Fifth Text
Summaries
The spirit-life stands within and the nature-life without, para. 1. and is compared to a round sphere, 2. that, accordingly, two principia are in one eternal primal state, 3. and the eternal essence contains it, 4. Good and evil originate from the imagination into the great mysterium, 5. as is to be seen in the creatures of this world, 6. From the mirror arises the op-
BOEHME | MYSTERIUMPANSOPHICUM | 89
position, 7. which makes creatures creaturely, 8. With creation is fury [Grimm] brought into motion, 9. that the eternal nature wants to aban- don, 10.
Whereas two beings have thus been from eternity, we cannot say that one stands next to the other and takes hold of itself, that one seizes the other, and we also cannot say that one stands outside of the other and that there is by no means a parting. But rather we thus recognize that the spirit-life stands turned inward into itself and the nature-life stands turned outward from and before itself.
2. Thus we compare it to a round sphere-wheel that moves on all sides as the wheel in Ezekiel indicates.
3. And the spirit-life is a complete fullness of the nature-life and it is yet not seized by the nature-life, and these are two principia in one united primal state since each has its mysterium and its effect. For the nature-life works toward the fire, and the spirit-life toward the light of gloria and magnificence. Since we then understand in the fire the fury of the consumption of nature's essence, and in the light the birth of the water that takes away the force from the fire as it is set out earlier in the Forty Questions on the Souls.
4. And thus is recognizable to us an eternal essence of nature, similar to water and fire that are thus equally mixed with each other, since it gives a light blue color similar to the flash of fire. Since it then has a shape as a ruby mixed with crystals in one being; or as yellow, white, red, blue mixed in dark water, since it is as blue in green, since each has therefore in fact its gloss and shines. And the water thus repels only their fire so that there is nowhere con- sumption but rather an eternal being in two mysteries within each other and still the difference of two principles as two different lives.
5. And thus we understand in this the being of all beings, and sub- sequently that it is a magical being since it can create a will in the es- sential life for itself, and it thus can enter into a birth and revive a source in the great mysterium, especially in the original condition of fire that was not revealed before but rather was hidden in the myste- rium as a gleam [Glast] in the plenitude of colors; we have from this a mirror of the devils and of malice and, thus, we also recognize whence all things, evil and good, originate, namely from the imagina- tion into the great mysterium, since a miraculous essentialistic [essen- tialistisch] life gives birth to itself.
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6. As we have from this a sufficient knowledge about the creatures of this world, that the divine life once aroused and revived the nature- life, how it gave birth to such miraculous creatures from the essentia- listic mysterium, thus one understands, then, how every essentia has turned into a mysterium as into a life, and [one] also (understands fur- ther) how in the great mysterium there is thus a magical craving so that the craving of every essence makes a mirror in order to spot and recognize itself in the mirror.
7. And since the craving thereupon seizes it (understand here the mirror) and guides it into its imagination, and finds that it is not part of its life, thus arise repulsiveness and revulsion so that the craving wants to throw away the mirror but is also not able to do so. Thus the craving now seeks the purpose of the beginning and goes out from the mirror, thus the mirror is broken and the breaking is a turba [dis- ruption/discordance] as a dying of the seized life.
8. And it is known well to us how the imagination of the eternal nature has thus the turba in the craving, in the mysterium, but how it is impos- sible to wake it up unless the creature as the mirror of eternity should wake it up itself as the fury that lies hidden in eternity in the mysterium.
9.
And we see here, as the eternal nature moved and aroused itself with the creation of the world, that the fury was aroused with it and revealed itself also in creatures, as one then finds many evil animals, also herbs and trees as well as worms, toads, snakes, and the like. Since eternal nature carries a revulsion for this, malice and poison are nurtured in the fury's essence alone.
10. And eternal nature seeks therefore also the purpose of malice and wants to leave it, since eternal nature falls then into turba as into dying, yet this is not a dying but rather a spewing out into the myste- rium, since malice with its life should reside separately as in a dark- ness. For nature abandons and overshadows it so that it therefore re- sides in itself as an evil, poisonous, and furious mysterium, and itself is its own magia as a craving of the poisonous fear [Angst].
The Sixth Text
Summaries
The repulsiveness is in the creature, para. 1, 2. Whence arises all vio- lence in this world, 3. The multiplicity seeks oneness, 4. For one Lord
BOEHME | MYSTERIUMPANSOPHICUM | 91
should govern the whole world, 5. then the driver will be sought out, 6. in the 6,000th year, 7. in the day of the accomplished creation, 8. namely, at noon on the sixth day, 9.
Whereas we recollect and come to know ourselves, we now find the repulsiveness of all beings since each one is the loathing of the other and hostile to the other.
2. For each will desires a purity in the other being without turba, but itself possesses the turba in itself and is also the loathing of the other. Now, the power of the larger being overcomes that of the smaller and constrains it, unless the latter then flees from the former; the strong oth- erwise rules over the weak, thus the weak runs and seeks the purpose of the driver and wants to be free from the constraint. And thus the pur- pose that stays hidden in the mysterium is sought by all creatures.
3. And all violence of the world originates due to and from this so that each one rules over the other; and violence was not called for or ordered by the highest good but rather grew from the turba, since it afterward recognized nature as its being that was born from nature and enacted the law to give birth to itself further within the estab- lished regime. Since, then, this giving birth thus ascended to royal status and thus sought further the abyss as oneness, until it became monarchia as empire. And thus it is still ascending and wants to be oneness and not multiple, and even if it is in [the] multiple the first growth--from which everything is born--it wants to rule everything and wants to be a lord over all regimes.
4. And while the same craving was one regime in the beginning but over time divided itself according to the essences into the multiple. Thus the multiplicity seeks again the ONE [das EINE] and is born for sure in the sixth number of crowns as in the 6,000th year of the figure. Not at the end but rather at that hour of the day when the creation of miracles was completed.
5. That is: since the miracles of the turba remain at the end, a lord is born who governs the whole world but with many functions.
6. And the self-grown authority and the driver will be sought every- where. For the smaller, which was inferior, reached the purpose with it. Now, each one divides itself; for it has reached its purpose and there is no staying or repealing.
7. Thus the turba as the fury of all creatures is also sought, for it also reached the purpose of the creatures together with the loathing,
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and the turba is now revealed in the role of the purpose amid the crown-number, in the 6,000th year, a little over but not under.
8. On that day and hour when the creation was accomplished in the mysterium, and was posited into the mysterium (as a mirror of eternity) and into the miracles.
9. This happens on the sixth day at noon, there the mysterium with the miracles stands revealed and is seen and known [erkannt]. Then the purity will drive out the turba for a time until the beginning enters into the end, thereupon the mysterium is a miracle in figures.
The Seventh Text
Summaries
A magic awoke the other through lust, para. 1. where evil is revealed at the same time, 2. Everything grew without deliberation, the colors as well, 3. as blue, red, green, yellow; white belongs to God, 4, 5. Herein we find the tree of tongues with four alphabets, there lies the nature-language, 6. as the first alphabet and the root in all languages; ibid. thereafter the Hebrew, 7. the Greek, 8. and the Latin, 9. In all alphabets God's spirit is revealed, 10. They originate from the colors of the great mysterium and divide themselves in seventy-seven lan- guages, 11. as [it] is known from the tower of Babel, 12. where every language entered into itself within its own reason, 13. from this the turba has grown, 14, 15.
Whereas such an arcanum is laid within the mysterium of the eternal nature from which all creatures are born and created good and evil. Thus we recognize it as a magical being since each magia awoke the other through lust and brought it into being, as then everything raised itself and guided itself into the highest power. For the spirit of God is not a creator in nature but rather one who reveals and seeks the good.
2. Thus evil as by magical craving has always sought and found it- self in the mysterium, and it is revealed at the same time without God's intention. For the fury is a severity and reigns over foolishness.
3. Thus everything grew from its own tree without deliberation. For the first revealer, as God, did not command malice into the regime, but rather reason and intelligence, which were supposed to reveal the
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miracles and become a guide for life. And everywhere we encounter the great secret, as it has been laid in the mysterium for eternity, as the mysterium with its colors, which are four. And the fifth color is not property of the mysterium of nature but rather of the mysterum of the deity, which color shines in the mysterium of nature as a living light.
4. And these are the colors, since everything lies within: as (1) blue, (2) red, (3) green, and (4) yellow, and the fifth as white belongs to God, but also has its gleam in nature. But the latter is the fifth es- sentia, a pure immaculate child as it is devised in gold and silver, as well as in a white, bright crystal-stone that persists even in fire.
5. For the fire is the test [proba] of all colors in which none persists except for the white color because it is a gleam of God's majesty. (The black color does not belong to the mysterium but it is rather the cover as the darkness, since all lies within. )
6. Also, we find herein the tree of tongues as that of languages, with four alphabets, as one described with the characters of the myste- rium in which lies the nature-language that is the root in all languages. And, in the spawn of multiplicity (or of the many languages), it is yet not recognized except by its own children to whom the mysterium it- self gives understanding because it is a miracle of God. (This alpha- bet of the nature-language lies in the black color hidden under all oth- ers, for the black color does not belong to the number of colors, it is mysterium and not understood, except by him who possesses the nature-language, to whom it is revealed by the spirit of God. )
7. And the other alphabet is the Hebrew, which reveals the myste- rium and names the tree with the branches and twigs.
8. The third is the Greek, which names the tree with the fruit and all ornament, which first rightly proclaims intelligence [Witze].
9. The fourth is the Latin, which benefits many peoples and tongues and proclaims the tree with its strength and virtue.
10. And the fifth is God's spirit, which is the revealer of all alpha- bets. And no man may learn this same alphabet, [until] it reveal itself in the human-spirit.
11. Thus these alphabets originate from the colors of the great mysterium and divide themselves further into seventy-seven lan- guages in all, since we only recognize five as the main languages and seventy-two for the miracles in which Babel is understood, as a mouth of a confounded being. Hence rationality abandoned its guide and wanted to go alone and ascend to the mysterium.
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12. Such is recognized through the children of Nimrod in the tower of Babel, since they fell from God's obedience into their own reason. Thus they lost their guide and confounded reason so that they did not grasp their own language.
13. Thus many languages grew as seventy-two from the con- founded Babel, and each entered into itself and sought intelligence: each into its own reason and malice. For they left God and became pa- gans; and God allowed them to go in their miracles, for they did not want to follow Him, but rather wanted to be their own growth, and their own reason (which was yet mixed with all colors) was supposed to govern them.
14. Now the turba was born so that they were not of one mind. For each wanted to live from his color but these were not the right main colors, but rather their evil, self-hatched children who hatched themselves in reason. And they wandered without the true guide who created everything in one tongue and did not reveal more than one; one tree with the branches and strength together with the fruit.
15. Then the four alphabets lie in one tree and proceed the one from the other, but the multitude of languages must use their charac- ters as occupants, but also want to be their own and all sprout against the tree.
The Eighth Text
Summaries
Thus there are two different religions, para. 1. and Babel is in both, 2. They mouth hypocritical flattery of God, 3. the magus is plenitude, a de- vourer, 4. and does not stand in the free will of God; 5. it is an idol and gives birth to falsity, 6. from which a parting from God, 7, 8. Thus were two different kinds of pagans: (1) that remained in their magia, 9. and (2) that lived in the flesh and sought war, 10, 11. The Jews were also the same, 12. and precisely thus is the antichrist's birth, since two empires dwell in one people at the same time that do not allow themselves to mix with each other in the inner spirit, 13. The antichrist is in all houses; the worst is, however, the crowned whore and her baptismal fathers, 14. The other part of God's free will are the righteous children of God, 15. and they are free from Babel and antichrist, 16.
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Thus we now see the origin of two different religions from which Babel was born an idol, and that in the pagans and Jews.
2. For Babel is in both, and they are two races in one. One that pro- ceeds by reason (as from the nature-life and spirit) and strives to raise itself. This makes for it a path in its being, for its will emanates from its own craving and seeks its magia as a large number for its re- gime, a multiplicity, and it proceeds simply from itself. Its will remains in its multiplicity and is its multiplicity's god and guide.
3. And if the free will of God confronts and punishes it, the idol only mouths hypocritical flattery of the free will as the spirit of God, and honors its own will in the number of multiplicity. For the same will is born from its treasure as from its magia. It does not gasp the free will of God and for that reason it is born from flesh and blood, from its own nature, and is a child of this world, and takes its treasure for its love. Thus it is now a hypocrite and a confounded Babel. For the num- bers of the multiplicity as its own magia confound it so that it pro- ceeds from one number into many. Now this multiplicity is a con- founded Babel and its mouth hypocritical so that it offers good words to the spirit of unity and praises often, but is an antichrist and a liar. For it speaks differently and acts differently, its heart is a craving and its heart's spirit has turned into the craving.
4. Thus the magus of the multiplicity is a proud, malignant, cove- tous, malicious devourer and a spirit from the desiring multiplicity, and is a false idol. It does not follow the free will of nature--the one who controls the power of the miracles--and has no understanding in the divine mysterium. For it does not follow the same spirit with its will: thus, its will would otherwise be turned into freedom, God's spirit would reveal its magical mysterium and its miracles and works would stand with its will in God.
5. But now they proceed from themselves in this manner, the be- ginning seeks the end, and the midpoint is the turba. For it does not stand in the free will of God, but rather it grows from itself and raises itself as a proud tree.
6. And thus God is then only united in the will and is united in the eternal desire as in the eternal magia, so that the craving of the eter- nal magia thus surrenders itself then into the eternal will and draws its life from it. Thus the will (which originates from birth as one who is a rebel) is a perjured whore. For then it is a bearer of the falsehood and does not follow the free will.
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7. And we understand in all of this a parting from God, since Luci- fer--who made the magia of nature false-craving--is a cause of all of this. And thus in this, two eternal lives will be born, one in God's will and the other in the will of the devil and fury. And that is Babel with the antichrist on earth.
8. Everything proceeding from God's will into its own will belongs to Babel, you see that in the Jews and pagans, as well as in all peoples. 9. The pagans remained in their own magia. But those that went out from the craving for decay into the light of nature, because they did not know God and lived in purity, those were the children of free will, and the spirit of freedom revealed in them great miracles in their
mysterium as is to be seen from the wisdom they left behind.
10. The others, however, as they lived only in their own magical will, lived from their own flesh and blood, their will drowned in the turba; and the turba poured forth in its will and provided them a spirit according to the essences of covetousness and furiousness. They only
sought the number of multiplicity as lordly fiefdoms and kingdoms. 11. And when the turba could not advance further because of force, it thus became furious and started strife and war, and from this origi- nates war as from the arrogance and covetousness of the multiplicity.
And it belongs with its number to the mysterium of fury.
12. The Jews were the same. God revealed himself to them but they also followed two wills: one part followed the commandment to be judged with their will in God's will and as the patriarchs and all the hopefully devout [Hoffer] of Israel, the others did [tha? ten] with their hands the works of the law and followed with their wills their poisoned magia as their covetousness and they sought only their number in multiplicity. Their mouth was a Jew and the heart a whore of Babel, a hypocrite and antichrist with good words and a false, covetous heart. 13. And thus the whore of Babel resides in Christianity and in all peoples with the antichrist, since two empires exist at the same time in one people. And both do not allow themselves to be mixed in the inner spirit so that they would become one, like clay and iron do not mix. They mix surely in the body but their spirits are two races as the
prophet Daniel said in 2:43.
14. For that reason, he who wants to know the antichrist should in-
deed seek him: he will find the antichrist in all houses. But the worst is the crowned whore; and her baptismal fathers, who lifted her from
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the baptism in prostitution (so that they might also live in the num- ber of the multiplicity), are the barkers [Schreyer] who bring about many wills from the united will of God so that only they may inherit the number of the multiplicity and fatten their earthly bellies.
15. And the other part of God's free will proceeds with its magical will from itself into freedom as into the united ungraspable will of God--they stand turned backward in the magical figure. Their life seeks bread and goes forward, and their will is not in bread, but rather proceeds from itself, from the craving, into God. And they live with the will in God, in one number; they are the children of the eter- nal, true magia. For God's spirit lives in their will and reveals the eternal miracles of God and their life-spirit reveals the miracles of this world.
16. And they are free from Babel and antichrist, even if they were to fall into his lap. For the true image of God remains in the will-spirit that is born from the soul-spirit.
The Ninth Test
Summaries
How there are two magiae: thus there are also two spirits that lead them, para. 1. It must be in earnest to tame the astral-spirit, for it is not an easy thing to become a child of God, 2. that is what antichrist presents himself falsely as being, 3. Therefore the world may see itself in these writings, 4, 5. For Babel already burns and its empire goes toward its end, hallelujah! 6.
Whereas two magiae exist in one another thus there are also two magi that guide them as two spirits. One is God's spirit and the other is the reason-spirit in which the devil exerts himself, and in God's spirit the love of unity exerts itself. And man cannot test himself bet- ter than when he notices earnestly where his desire and lust drive him. Man has this earnestness as his guide, and he is also its child. Thus he has nevertheless the power to break and change the same will, because he is magical and has the power to do so.
2. But this must be in earnest, for man must tame the astral-spirit that rules in him. To this belongs a soberly calm life with constant reim- mersion [Einwerfung] into God's will. For neither wisdom nor art is able
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to restrain the astral-source, but rather the moderation of life with con- stant withdrawal from influence. The elementa always thrust the astral- craving into will for them. Thus it is not an easy thing to become a child of God. It takes great labor with much effort and suffering.
3. And still the antichrist is allowed to call himself God's child. But Christ says: Not everyone will enter into the kingdom of heaven who says to me, Lord, Lord, have we not through your name cast out de- mons, and through your name done many deeds? But He says to them: Go away from me, you stinking goats, I do not know you, Matt. 7:22. You did it from the false magia and were never recognized in my spirit and will. You are goats, tyrants, misers, courtiers, and voluptu- aries in your spiritual figure; you called out my name but sacrificed your heart to voluptuousness and to the flesh, and you were born in the turba.
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right to do so in so far as they hold precisely those abstract systems in which all personality is utterly impossible for the only rationally consistent ones, which is also presumably the reason they attribute the like to anyone who does not condemn science and reason. By contrast, we are of the opinion that a clear, rational view must be pos- sible precisely from the highest concepts in so far as only in this way can they really be our own, accepted in ourselves and eternally grounded. Indeed, we go even further and hold, with Lessing himself, that the development of revealed truths into truths of reason is sim- ply necessary, if the human race is to be helped thereby. *,101 We are likewise convinced that reason is fully adequate to expose every pos- sible error (in genuinely spiritual matters) and that the inquisitorial demeanor in the judgment of philosophical systems is entirely super- fluous. ? To transfer an absolute dualism of good and evil to history whereby either the one or the other principle prevails in all manifes- tations and works of the human spirit, whereby there are only two systems | and two religions, one absolutely good and another simply evil; further, the opinion that everything began in purity and simplic- ity and all subsequent developments (that were of course necessary in order to reveal the particular aspects contained in the first unity and thereby to reveal the unity fully itself) were only decay and falsifi- cation--while this whole view serves critique as a powerful sword of Alexander with which to chop the Gordian knot in two effortlessly everywhere, it introduces into history, however, a thoroughly illiberal and highly reductive point of view. There was a time that preceded this separation; and one worldview and religion which, although op- posed to the absolute one, sprang forth from its own ground and not from a falsification of the first one. 102 Paganism is, taken historically, as original as Christianity and, although only a ground and basis of something higher, it is not derived from anything else.
These reflections lead back to our point of beginning. A system that contradicts the most holy feelings, character and moral con- sciousness, can never be called, at least in this respect, a system of reason, but rather only one of non-reason [Unvernunft]. To the
* Education of the Human Race, Para. 76.
? Especially when on the other hand one wants to speak only of viewpoints
[Ansichten], where one should be speaking of truths that alone tend to- ward salvation.
contrary, a system in which reason really recognized itself, would have to unify all demands of the spirit as well as those of the heart and those of the moral feeling as well as those of the most rigorous understanding. The polemic against reason and science does in fact allow for a certain elevated generality which dispenses with exact concepts so that we can guess more easily its intentions than its defi- nite meaning. However, we fear that even if we did fathom its definite meaning, we would not come upon anything extraordinary. For, no matter how high we place reason, we do not believe, for example, that anyone may be virtuous or a hero or generally a great human being on the basis of pure reason, indeed, not even, according to the familiar phrase, that the human race can be propagated by it. 103 Only in personality is there life, and all personality rests on a dark ground that indeed must therefore be the ground of cognition as well. But it is only the understanding that develops what is hidden and contained in this ground | merely potentialiter [potentially] and raises it to actu- ality [zum Aktus]. This can only occur through division, thus through science and dialectic, of which we are convinced that they alone will hold fixed and bring permanently to cognition the system which has been there more often than we think but has always again slipped away, hovering before us and not yet fully grasped by anyone. As in life we actually have faith only in powerful understanding and most frequently miss all tender feeling in those who always show off their feelings, so selfhood, having reduced things merely to feeling, also cannot win in us any trust where one is dealing with truth and cogni- tion. Feeling is glorious if it remains in the ground, but it is not so when it steps into daylight, wanting to make itself into a being and to rule. If, according to Franz Baader's striking views, the drive to know is most analogous with the reproductive drive,*,104 then there is something in cognition analogous to discipline and shame and, con- versely, also a lack of discipline and shamelessness, a kind of faun-like appetite that samples everything without the seriousness and with- out the love to build or shape something. The bond of our personality is spirit, and if only the active linking of both principles can become creative and productive [erzeugend], then inspiration in the genuine sense is the active principle of every productive [erzeugenden] and
* One should see the treatise on this matter in the Annuals for Medicine, Vol. III, No. 1, p. 113.
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formative art or science. Every inspiration expresses itself in a defi- nite way; and thus there is also one that expresses itself through a di- alectical artistic drive, a genuinely scientific inspiration. For that rea- son there is also a dialectical philosophy that, defined as science, is distinctly separate, for example, from poetry and religion, and some- thing that stands entirely for itself but is not identical with everything possible in turn, one after another, as those claim who presently labor to blend everything with everything else in so many writings. It is said that reflection is hostile to the idea [Idee]; but it is exactly the highest triumph of truth that it may emerge victorious from the most extreme division | and separation. Reason is in man that which, ac- cording to the mystics, the primum passivum [first passivity] or initial wisdom is in God in which all things are together and yet distinct, identical and yet free each in its own way. 105 Reason is not activity, like spirit, nor is it the absolute identity of both principles of cogni- tion, but rather indifference; the measure and, so to speak, the gen- eral place of truth, the peaceful site in which primordial wisdom is re- ceived, in accordance with which, as if looking away toward the archetype [Urbild], understanding should develop. On the one hand, philosophy receives its name from love, as the general inspiring prin- ciple, on the other hand, from this original wisdom which is her genu- ine goal.
If the dialectical principle, that is, the understanding which is dif- ferentiating but thereby organically ordering and shaping things in conjunction with the archetype by which it steers itself, is withdrawn from philosophy so that it no longer has in itself either measure or rule, then nothing else is left to philosophy but to orient itself histori- cally and to take the tradition as its source and plumb line to which it had recourse earlier with a similar result. Then it is time, as one in- tended to ground our poetry through acquaintance with the litera- ture [Dichtungen] of all nations, to seek for philosophy a historical norm and basis as well. We harbor the greatest respect for the pro- found significance of historical research and believe we have shown that the almost general opinion that man only gradually raised him- self up from the dullness of animal instinct to reason is not our own. 106 Nevertheless we believe that the truth may lie closer and that we should seek solutions for the problems that trouble our time first in ourselves and on our own territory before we turn to such distant sources. The time of purely historical belief is past, if the possibility
of immediate cognition is granted [gegeben]. We have an older revela- tion than any written one--nature. The latter contains a typology [Vorbilder] that no man has yet interpreted, whereas the written one received its fulfillment and interpretation long ago. If the understand- ing of this unwritten revelation were made manifest, the only | true system of religion and science would appear not in the poorly assem- bled state of a few philosophical and critical concepts, but rather at once in the full brilliance of truth and nature. It is not the time to rouse old oppositions once again, but rather to seek that which lies outside of, and beyond, all opposition.
The present treatise will be followed by a series of others in which the entirety of the ideal part of philosophy will gradually be presented.
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SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTS
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
The purpose of the following supplementary texts is to provide a se- lection of important texts that we think offer a useful background to the Philosophical Investigations but are not readily available in En- glish translation; indeed, we believe that the text from Baader is made available in English here for the first time. We have organized these texts around two broad conceptual streams that have a major impact on both the conceptual and rhetorical structure of the Philo- sophical Investigations. The first of these may be referred to as the "theosophical" stream while the second deals with the tension between reason and revelation that emerged with greatest clarity in the so-called Pantheismusstreit of the 1780s but which was preceded and prefigured by Lessing's earlier polemic with Goeze of which Lessing's enigmatic text, "A Parable," is but one notable product. While the texts are merely a selection--others could have been cho- sen to fulfill the same purpose--we believe that they are well-suited for this purpose both due to their brevity and considerable concen- tration of thought.
Theosophical Texts
Under this grouping we include two texts, one by Jacob Boehme, the other by Franz Xaver von Baader.
Jacob Boehme (1575-1624) is one of the most important figures in the German tradition of speculative mysticism, and he had a tremen- dous influence not only on Schelling but on a veritable pantheon of German thinkers from Leibniz to Hegel. The text we include here in its entirety, the Mysterium Pansophicum (1620), gives a compressed overview of Boehme's erotically charged mystical thought while pre- senting in its own highly specific context a concept that has major im- portance for the Philosophical Investigations, the "non-ground. "1
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Franz Xaver von Baader (1765-1841) was a contemporary of Schelling and one of the latter's closer associates after his relocation to Munich in 1806. There seems to have been a rather intense intellec- tual collaboration between the two, of which the text included here, "On the Assertion that There Can Be No Wicked Use of Reason" (1807), would seem to provide ample evidence. This text affirms one of the crucial aspects of the Philosophical Investigations, its emphasis on evil not as a deficiency or surrender to sensuality, to the "animal" in man, but rather as very much a positive force, one that expresses a perverse "humanization" of ostensibly animal ends through the sup- posed perfections of man, foremost among which is the "heavenly light" of reason.
Pantheism Texts
Under this grouping we include four texts, one each by Gotthold Eph- raim Lessing and Johann Gottfried Herder and two by Friedrich Hein- rich Jacobi.
These texts all center around an issue of great complexity and amplitude in late eighteenth-century German thought, the authority of reason and, more generally, the authority of reason in relation to faith, the notorious contest between Athens and Jerusalem, revived by the propagation of Enlightenment ideals among German thinkers in the latter half of the eighteenth century. This contest plays an ex- tremely important role in Schelling's philosophical thought and in the Philosophical Investigations since, despite all misleading appear- ances, Schelling never sought to abandon the authority of reason for revelation and, in this respect, became one of Jacobi's most fero- cious critics. Rather, when Schelling seeks to defend system, as he does in the Philosophical Investigations, he is seeking to defend rea- son against its enemies and, of course, against its most formidable enemy, evil, which could be said to draw more to revelation and dis- gust with reason than any other fact of human life--this is the sense in which Schelling's defense of reason is also very much a theodicy of reason.
We have included a remarkable text by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781) called "The Parable" (1778). As noted previously, this text forms part of a larger polemic with the orthodox Lutheran pastor
SUPPLEMENTARYTEXTS | INTRODUCTORYNOTE | 83
Johann Melchior Goeze, the senior representative of the Hamburg clergy, over the authority of the Bible. In essence, the argument turned on the fundamental question of whether the Bible reveals truths that are unassailable by reason because they are revealed or not. Lessing took the side of reason, suggesting that the Bible could be criticized on a rational basis without necessarily undermining faith, that objec- tions against the Bible were not in themselves objections against faith but that some standard (namely, a rational one) of critique was neces- sary--here Lessing's choice was for rational, natural theology and not revelation, for a way of reading the Bible more closely (if covertly) linked to Spinoza's Theological-Political Treatise. Among other things, "The Parable" reflects this critique and the dangers of revelation whose tyrannical inconstancy may entail very dangerous conse- quences for the "quite exceptional architecture" of the whole.
In this sense, "The Parable" represents the kernel of a rationalist critique of the emphasis on revelation, the "leap of faith" or salto mor- tale that marks the contribution to German thought of Friedrich Hein- rich Jacobi (1743-1819). The two texts we include here, excerpts from Jacobi's famous book, On the Doctrine of Spinoza in Letters to Mr. Moses Mendelssohn (1785), and from additions made to the second edition of the same book, which appeared in 1789, give a reasonably clear indication of Jacobi's position and suggest his importance for Schelling as an opponent to be overcome.
Jacobi's book relates several conversations with Lessing, whom Jacobi had met in 1780, and, in doing so, it intentionally suggests that Lessing was a Spinozist. This suggestion was shocking and disorient- ing for Jacobi's contemporaries; it launched one of the great intellec- tual tumults of the late eighteenth century, the so-called Pantheismus- streit or the "pantheism debate," which engaged all the foremost minds of that extraordinarily fecund period including Goethe, Kant, Hamann, and Herder. 2 This revelation had such force because in the peculiar milieu of late eighteenth-century German intellectual life, "Spinozism" meant "Pantheism," which in turn meant a rationalist atheism. The debate over Lessing's adherence to Spinozism or pantheism became a debate over the authority of reason and, ulti- mately, a debate over the value of Enlightenment that in various mu- tations and different terms has continued practically unabated down to the present day. One of Schelling's more remarkable exhibitions of intellectual virtuosity are his opening comments in the Philosophical
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Investigations on the concept of pantheism where he develops--in avowed opposition to Spinoza--a concept of rationality that has much to do with his philosophy of nature; this concept emphasizes dynamic tension and interplay, the constant activity of opposed forces, a dialectic rather than axiomatic model of rationality.
In this respect, we thought it appropriate to provide a brief excerpt from Johann Gottfried Herder's God. Some Conversations (1787) as the final one in this group. Herder (1744-1803) wrote this text as his rather late entry into the pantheism debate. This excerpt exemplifies Herder's organic and dynamic sense of the structure of the whole, a way of characterizing the whole that is everywhere evident in Schell- ing; it also provides an important backdrop to the fundamental rela- tion between ground and existence which is so central to the Philo- sophical Investigations and which Schelling claims to have derived from the natural philosophy of his day, that is, from his own earlier work in that area. Moreover, we chose an excerpt from Herder be- cause his considerable influence on Schelling has been relatively undervalued. 3
JACOB BOEHME
Mysterium Pansophicum
Or Thorough Report on the Earthly and Heavenly Mysterium1
The First Text
Summaries
The eternal ground of magia forms in itself since there is nothing, para.
The non-ground is an eternal nothing but forms an eternal beginning as a craving [Sucht]. For the nothing is a craving for something. And since there is also nothing that may give something, the craving is it- self the giving of that which is indeed also a nothing as merely a desir- ing [begehrende] craving. And that is the eternal primal state of magia which forms in itself since there is nothing. It forms something from nothing, and that just in itself and, since indeed the same craving is also a nothing as only a mere will, the will has nothing and is also nothing that may give itself something; and it has also no place where it could find or rest itself.
The Second Text
Summaries
The nothing is a craving, that forms in itself the will to something, para. 1. The will, however, is a spirit and a magus and is caused by the craving, 2. whence nature and the spirit of nature is to be conceived [ersinnen], 3.
Whereas a craving thus exists now in nothing, it makes the will into something for itself. And the same will is a spirit as a thought that
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sets forth from craving and is the craving's seeker, for the will finds its mother as the craving. Now, the same will is a magus in its mother, since it found something in the nothing as its mother. And because it found its mother, it now has a dwelling place.
2. And understand herein how the will is a spirit and different from desiring craving. For the will is an insentient and unknowing life, but the craving is found by the will and is a being [Wesen] in the will. Now it is recognized that the craving is a magia and the will is a magus, and that the will is larger than its mother who gives it. For the will is the master in the mother, and the mother is recognized as silent and the will as a life without origin; and because indeed the craving is a cause of the will but without cognition and understanding, and the will is the craving's understanding.
3. Thus we briefly present nature and the spirit of nature--what has been eternally without primal state--for you to consider and find thus that the will as the spirit has no place for its rest; but the craving is its own place and the will is bound to it and yet is also not held fast [ergriffen].
The Third Text
Summaries
The will is the eternal omnipotence and rules over the craving and gov- erns the life of craving, paras. 1, 2. The eternal will-spirit is God, 3, 4.
Whereas the eternal will is thus free from the craving, and the craving is, however, not free from the will, for the will rules over the craving; thus we recognize the will as the eternal omnipotence. For it has no equal; and though the craving is in fact an arousal of attraction or de- sire, it is, however, without understanding, and it has a life but with- out intelligence.
2. Now the will governs the life of craving and acts on the life as it sees fit. And if the will does something it is yet not recognized until the same being reveals itself with the will, that it becomes a being in the will's life; thus is recognized what the will has formed.
3. And we thus recognize the eternal will-spirit as God and the stir- ring life of the craving as nature. For there is nothing prior, and both
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are without beginning; and each is the cause for the other and an eternal bond.
4. And thus is the spirit of the will an eternal knowledge of the non- ground, and the life of the craving an eternal being of the will.
The Fourth Text
Summaries
The craving is a desiring, para. 1. and desiring is an attracting, 2. The will takes, since nothing is, and becomes pregnant, 3. and gives birth in itself, 4. namely, a word or echo, 5. and inaugurates the intelligible life of magia, 6. The threefold spirit is its master: the word its residence, 7, 8. and stands in the middle as a heart, ibid. Thus is God and nature from eternity, 9.
Whereas the craving is thus desire and the same desire is a life, then the same desiring life goes forward within the craving, and is always pregnant with the craving.
2. And desire is an austere attraction and yet has nothing but itself as the eternity without ground; now it conceives magically as its own desire toward substance.
3. For the will takes now, since nothing is; it is master and posses- sor, it is itself not a being [Wesen] and yet rules in the being. And the being makes the will desirous [begehrend], namely of the being. And thus the will then becomes desirous in itself, it is thus magical and impregnates itself as with spirit without being, for it is in the primal state only spirit. Thus it makes in its imagination only spirit and be- comes pregnant with spirit as the eternal knowing [Wissenheit] of the non-ground, in omnipotence of the life without being.
4. And thus the will is then pregnant, the act of giving birth hap- pens in itself and lives in itself. For the life-essence of the other can- not take hold of this impregnation and cannot be its holder. There- fore, the impregnation must happen in itself and be its own holder as a son in eternal spirit.
5. And because this impregnation has no being, so it is a voice or an echo as a word of spirit, and it remains in the primal state of spirit, for it otherwise has no residence other than in the primal state of spirit.
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6. And a will is still in this word, a will that wants to go out into a being, and the same will is the original will's life, which goes out from the giving birth as from the mouth of will into the life of magia as into nature. And the will inaugurates the unintelligible life of magia--that it is a mysterium--because an understanding lies essentially within and receives therefore an essential spirit, since every essence is an arcanum or a mysterium of a whole being. And therefore the will exists in the concept as an unfathomable miracle of eternity, since many lives are born without number; and yet everything together is just one being [Ein Wesen].
7. And the threefold spirit without being is its master and possessor, and since it does not possess the nature-being it thus lives in itself.
8. The word is its centrum or residence and stands in the middle as a heart. And the spirit of the word--which originally came into being in the first will--inaugurates [ero? ffnet] the miracles of the essential life, that there are thus two mysteria: one in the spirit-life and one in the essential life. And the spirit-life is recognized as God and also rightly so called; and the essential life is recognized as nature-life, which would have no understanding if the spirit or the spirit-life were not desiring, in which desiring the divine being as the eternal word and heart of God is always and eternally born, and from which the de- siring will goes out eternally as its spirit into the nature-life and in all of this inaugurates the mysterium from the essences [Essentien] and in the essences, so that there are thus two lives and also two beings from and in one united, eternal, and unfathomable original condition.
9. And thus we recognize what God and nature is, how both exist from eternity without united ground and beginning, for it is always an eternally lasting beginning. It begins always and from eternity in eter- nity, since there is no number, for it is the non-ground.
The Fifth Text
Summaries
The spirit-life stands within and the nature-life without, para. 1. and is compared to a round sphere, 2. that, accordingly, two principia are in one eternal primal state, 3. and the eternal essence contains it, 4. Good and evil originate from the imagination into the great mysterium, 5. as is to be seen in the creatures of this world, 6. From the mirror arises the op-
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position, 7. which makes creatures creaturely, 8. With creation is fury [Grimm] brought into motion, 9. that the eternal nature wants to aban- don, 10.
Whereas two beings have thus been from eternity, we cannot say that one stands next to the other and takes hold of itself, that one seizes the other, and we also cannot say that one stands outside of the other and that there is by no means a parting. But rather we thus recognize that the spirit-life stands turned inward into itself and the nature-life stands turned outward from and before itself.
2. Thus we compare it to a round sphere-wheel that moves on all sides as the wheel in Ezekiel indicates.
3. And the spirit-life is a complete fullness of the nature-life and it is yet not seized by the nature-life, and these are two principia in one united primal state since each has its mysterium and its effect. For the nature-life works toward the fire, and the spirit-life toward the light of gloria and magnificence. Since we then understand in the fire the fury of the consumption of nature's essence, and in the light the birth of the water that takes away the force from the fire as it is set out earlier in the Forty Questions on the Souls.
4. And thus is recognizable to us an eternal essence of nature, similar to water and fire that are thus equally mixed with each other, since it gives a light blue color similar to the flash of fire. Since it then has a shape as a ruby mixed with crystals in one being; or as yellow, white, red, blue mixed in dark water, since it is as blue in green, since each has therefore in fact its gloss and shines. And the water thus repels only their fire so that there is nowhere con- sumption but rather an eternal being in two mysteries within each other and still the difference of two principles as two different lives.
5. And thus we understand in this the being of all beings, and sub- sequently that it is a magical being since it can create a will in the es- sential life for itself, and it thus can enter into a birth and revive a source in the great mysterium, especially in the original condition of fire that was not revealed before but rather was hidden in the myste- rium as a gleam [Glast] in the plenitude of colors; we have from this a mirror of the devils and of malice and, thus, we also recognize whence all things, evil and good, originate, namely from the imagina- tion into the great mysterium, since a miraculous essentialistic [essen- tialistisch] life gives birth to itself.
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6. As we have from this a sufficient knowledge about the creatures of this world, that the divine life once aroused and revived the nature- life, how it gave birth to such miraculous creatures from the essentia- listic mysterium, thus one understands, then, how every essentia has turned into a mysterium as into a life, and [one] also (understands fur- ther) how in the great mysterium there is thus a magical craving so that the craving of every essence makes a mirror in order to spot and recognize itself in the mirror.
7. And since the craving thereupon seizes it (understand here the mirror) and guides it into its imagination, and finds that it is not part of its life, thus arise repulsiveness and revulsion so that the craving wants to throw away the mirror but is also not able to do so. Thus the craving now seeks the purpose of the beginning and goes out from the mirror, thus the mirror is broken and the breaking is a turba [dis- ruption/discordance] as a dying of the seized life.
8. And it is known well to us how the imagination of the eternal nature has thus the turba in the craving, in the mysterium, but how it is impos- sible to wake it up unless the creature as the mirror of eternity should wake it up itself as the fury that lies hidden in eternity in the mysterium.
9.
And we see here, as the eternal nature moved and aroused itself with the creation of the world, that the fury was aroused with it and revealed itself also in creatures, as one then finds many evil animals, also herbs and trees as well as worms, toads, snakes, and the like. Since eternal nature carries a revulsion for this, malice and poison are nurtured in the fury's essence alone.
10. And eternal nature seeks therefore also the purpose of malice and wants to leave it, since eternal nature falls then into turba as into dying, yet this is not a dying but rather a spewing out into the myste- rium, since malice with its life should reside separately as in a dark- ness. For nature abandons and overshadows it so that it therefore re- sides in itself as an evil, poisonous, and furious mysterium, and itself is its own magia as a craving of the poisonous fear [Angst].
The Sixth Text
Summaries
The repulsiveness is in the creature, para. 1, 2. Whence arises all vio- lence in this world, 3. The multiplicity seeks oneness, 4. For one Lord
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should govern the whole world, 5. then the driver will be sought out, 6. in the 6,000th year, 7. in the day of the accomplished creation, 8. namely, at noon on the sixth day, 9.
Whereas we recollect and come to know ourselves, we now find the repulsiveness of all beings since each one is the loathing of the other and hostile to the other.
2. For each will desires a purity in the other being without turba, but itself possesses the turba in itself and is also the loathing of the other. Now, the power of the larger being overcomes that of the smaller and constrains it, unless the latter then flees from the former; the strong oth- erwise rules over the weak, thus the weak runs and seeks the purpose of the driver and wants to be free from the constraint. And thus the pur- pose that stays hidden in the mysterium is sought by all creatures.
3. And all violence of the world originates due to and from this so that each one rules over the other; and violence was not called for or ordered by the highest good but rather grew from the turba, since it afterward recognized nature as its being that was born from nature and enacted the law to give birth to itself further within the estab- lished regime. Since, then, this giving birth thus ascended to royal status and thus sought further the abyss as oneness, until it became monarchia as empire. And thus it is still ascending and wants to be oneness and not multiple, and even if it is in [the] multiple the first growth--from which everything is born--it wants to rule everything and wants to be a lord over all regimes.
4. And while the same craving was one regime in the beginning but over time divided itself according to the essences into the multiple. Thus the multiplicity seeks again the ONE [das EINE] and is born for sure in the sixth number of crowns as in the 6,000th year of the figure. Not at the end but rather at that hour of the day when the creation of miracles was completed.
5. That is: since the miracles of the turba remain at the end, a lord is born who governs the whole world but with many functions.
6. And the self-grown authority and the driver will be sought every- where. For the smaller, which was inferior, reached the purpose with it. Now, each one divides itself; for it has reached its purpose and there is no staying or repealing.
7. Thus the turba as the fury of all creatures is also sought, for it also reached the purpose of the creatures together with the loathing,
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and the turba is now revealed in the role of the purpose amid the crown-number, in the 6,000th year, a little over but not under.
8. On that day and hour when the creation was accomplished in the mysterium, and was posited into the mysterium (as a mirror of eternity) and into the miracles.
9. This happens on the sixth day at noon, there the mysterium with the miracles stands revealed and is seen and known [erkannt]. Then the purity will drive out the turba for a time until the beginning enters into the end, thereupon the mysterium is a miracle in figures.
The Seventh Text
Summaries
A magic awoke the other through lust, para. 1. where evil is revealed at the same time, 2. Everything grew without deliberation, the colors as well, 3. as blue, red, green, yellow; white belongs to God, 4, 5. Herein we find the tree of tongues with four alphabets, there lies the nature-language, 6. as the first alphabet and the root in all languages; ibid. thereafter the Hebrew, 7. the Greek, 8. and the Latin, 9. In all alphabets God's spirit is revealed, 10. They originate from the colors of the great mysterium and divide themselves in seventy-seven lan- guages, 11. as [it] is known from the tower of Babel, 12. where every language entered into itself within its own reason, 13. from this the turba has grown, 14, 15.
Whereas such an arcanum is laid within the mysterium of the eternal nature from which all creatures are born and created good and evil. Thus we recognize it as a magical being since each magia awoke the other through lust and brought it into being, as then everything raised itself and guided itself into the highest power. For the spirit of God is not a creator in nature but rather one who reveals and seeks the good.
2. Thus evil as by magical craving has always sought and found it- self in the mysterium, and it is revealed at the same time without God's intention. For the fury is a severity and reigns over foolishness.
3. Thus everything grew from its own tree without deliberation. For the first revealer, as God, did not command malice into the regime, but rather reason and intelligence, which were supposed to reveal the
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miracles and become a guide for life. And everywhere we encounter the great secret, as it has been laid in the mysterium for eternity, as the mysterium with its colors, which are four. And the fifth color is not property of the mysterium of nature but rather of the mysterum of the deity, which color shines in the mysterium of nature as a living light.
4. And these are the colors, since everything lies within: as (1) blue, (2) red, (3) green, and (4) yellow, and the fifth as white belongs to God, but also has its gleam in nature. But the latter is the fifth es- sentia, a pure immaculate child as it is devised in gold and silver, as well as in a white, bright crystal-stone that persists even in fire.
5. For the fire is the test [proba] of all colors in which none persists except for the white color because it is a gleam of God's majesty. (The black color does not belong to the mysterium but it is rather the cover as the darkness, since all lies within. )
6. Also, we find herein the tree of tongues as that of languages, with four alphabets, as one described with the characters of the myste- rium in which lies the nature-language that is the root in all languages. And, in the spawn of multiplicity (or of the many languages), it is yet not recognized except by its own children to whom the mysterium it- self gives understanding because it is a miracle of God. (This alpha- bet of the nature-language lies in the black color hidden under all oth- ers, for the black color does not belong to the number of colors, it is mysterium and not understood, except by him who possesses the nature-language, to whom it is revealed by the spirit of God. )
7. And the other alphabet is the Hebrew, which reveals the myste- rium and names the tree with the branches and twigs.
8. The third is the Greek, which names the tree with the fruit and all ornament, which first rightly proclaims intelligence [Witze].
9. The fourth is the Latin, which benefits many peoples and tongues and proclaims the tree with its strength and virtue.
10. And the fifth is God's spirit, which is the revealer of all alpha- bets. And no man may learn this same alphabet, [until] it reveal itself in the human-spirit.
11. Thus these alphabets originate from the colors of the great mysterium and divide themselves further into seventy-seven lan- guages in all, since we only recognize five as the main languages and seventy-two for the miracles in which Babel is understood, as a mouth of a confounded being. Hence rationality abandoned its guide and wanted to go alone and ascend to the mysterium.
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12. Such is recognized through the children of Nimrod in the tower of Babel, since they fell from God's obedience into their own reason. Thus they lost their guide and confounded reason so that they did not grasp their own language.
13. Thus many languages grew as seventy-two from the con- founded Babel, and each entered into itself and sought intelligence: each into its own reason and malice. For they left God and became pa- gans; and God allowed them to go in their miracles, for they did not want to follow Him, but rather wanted to be their own growth, and their own reason (which was yet mixed with all colors) was supposed to govern them.
14. Now the turba was born so that they were not of one mind. For each wanted to live from his color but these were not the right main colors, but rather their evil, self-hatched children who hatched themselves in reason. And they wandered without the true guide who created everything in one tongue and did not reveal more than one; one tree with the branches and strength together with the fruit.
15. Then the four alphabets lie in one tree and proceed the one from the other, but the multitude of languages must use their charac- ters as occupants, but also want to be their own and all sprout against the tree.
The Eighth Text
Summaries
Thus there are two different religions, para. 1. and Babel is in both, 2. They mouth hypocritical flattery of God, 3. the magus is plenitude, a de- vourer, 4. and does not stand in the free will of God; 5. it is an idol and gives birth to falsity, 6. from which a parting from God, 7, 8. Thus were two different kinds of pagans: (1) that remained in their magia, 9. and (2) that lived in the flesh and sought war, 10, 11. The Jews were also the same, 12. and precisely thus is the antichrist's birth, since two empires dwell in one people at the same time that do not allow themselves to mix with each other in the inner spirit, 13. The antichrist is in all houses; the worst is, however, the crowned whore and her baptismal fathers, 14. The other part of God's free will are the righteous children of God, 15. and they are free from Babel and antichrist, 16.
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Thus we now see the origin of two different religions from which Babel was born an idol, and that in the pagans and Jews.
2. For Babel is in both, and they are two races in one. One that pro- ceeds by reason (as from the nature-life and spirit) and strives to raise itself. This makes for it a path in its being, for its will emanates from its own craving and seeks its magia as a large number for its re- gime, a multiplicity, and it proceeds simply from itself. Its will remains in its multiplicity and is its multiplicity's god and guide.
3. And if the free will of God confronts and punishes it, the idol only mouths hypocritical flattery of the free will as the spirit of God, and honors its own will in the number of multiplicity. For the same will is born from its treasure as from its magia. It does not gasp the free will of God and for that reason it is born from flesh and blood, from its own nature, and is a child of this world, and takes its treasure for its love. Thus it is now a hypocrite and a confounded Babel. For the num- bers of the multiplicity as its own magia confound it so that it pro- ceeds from one number into many. Now this multiplicity is a con- founded Babel and its mouth hypocritical so that it offers good words to the spirit of unity and praises often, but is an antichrist and a liar. For it speaks differently and acts differently, its heart is a craving and its heart's spirit has turned into the craving.
4. Thus the magus of the multiplicity is a proud, malignant, cove- tous, malicious devourer and a spirit from the desiring multiplicity, and is a false idol. It does not follow the free will of nature--the one who controls the power of the miracles--and has no understanding in the divine mysterium. For it does not follow the same spirit with its will: thus, its will would otherwise be turned into freedom, God's spirit would reveal its magical mysterium and its miracles and works would stand with its will in God.
5. But now they proceed from themselves in this manner, the be- ginning seeks the end, and the midpoint is the turba. For it does not stand in the free will of God, but rather it grows from itself and raises itself as a proud tree.
6. And thus God is then only united in the will and is united in the eternal desire as in the eternal magia, so that the craving of the eter- nal magia thus surrenders itself then into the eternal will and draws its life from it. Thus the will (which originates from birth as one who is a rebel) is a perjured whore. For then it is a bearer of the falsehood and does not follow the free will.
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7. And we understand in all of this a parting from God, since Luci- fer--who made the magia of nature false-craving--is a cause of all of this. And thus in this, two eternal lives will be born, one in God's will and the other in the will of the devil and fury. And that is Babel with the antichrist on earth.
8. Everything proceeding from God's will into its own will belongs to Babel, you see that in the Jews and pagans, as well as in all peoples. 9. The pagans remained in their own magia. But those that went out from the craving for decay into the light of nature, because they did not know God and lived in purity, those were the children of free will, and the spirit of freedom revealed in them great miracles in their
mysterium as is to be seen from the wisdom they left behind.
10. The others, however, as they lived only in their own magical will, lived from their own flesh and blood, their will drowned in the turba; and the turba poured forth in its will and provided them a spirit according to the essences of covetousness and furiousness. They only
sought the number of multiplicity as lordly fiefdoms and kingdoms. 11. And when the turba could not advance further because of force, it thus became furious and started strife and war, and from this origi- nates war as from the arrogance and covetousness of the multiplicity.
And it belongs with its number to the mysterium of fury.
12. The Jews were the same. God revealed himself to them but they also followed two wills: one part followed the commandment to be judged with their will in God's will and as the patriarchs and all the hopefully devout [Hoffer] of Israel, the others did [tha? ten] with their hands the works of the law and followed with their wills their poisoned magia as their covetousness and they sought only their number in multiplicity. Their mouth was a Jew and the heart a whore of Babel, a hypocrite and antichrist with good words and a false, covetous heart. 13. And thus the whore of Babel resides in Christianity and in all peoples with the antichrist, since two empires exist at the same time in one people. And both do not allow themselves to be mixed in the inner spirit so that they would become one, like clay and iron do not mix. They mix surely in the body but their spirits are two races as the
prophet Daniel said in 2:43.
14. For that reason, he who wants to know the antichrist should in-
deed seek him: he will find the antichrist in all houses. But the worst is the crowned whore; and her baptismal fathers, who lifted her from
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the baptism in prostitution (so that they might also live in the num- ber of the multiplicity), are the barkers [Schreyer] who bring about many wills from the united will of God so that only they may inherit the number of the multiplicity and fatten their earthly bellies.
15. And the other part of God's free will proceeds with its magical will from itself into freedom as into the united ungraspable will of God--they stand turned backward in the magical figure. Their life seeks bread and goes forward, and their will is not in bread, but rather proceeds from itself, from the craving, into God. And they live with the will in God, in one number; they are the children of the eter- nal, true magia. For God's spirit lives in their will and reveals the eternal miracles of God and their life-spirit reveals the miracles of this world.
16. And they are free from Babel and antichrist, even if they were to fall into his lap. For the true image of God remains in the will-spirit that is born from the soul-spirit.
The Ninth Test
Summaries
How there are two magiae: thus there are also two spirits that lead them, para. 1. It must be in earnest to tame the astral-spirit, for it is not an easy thing to become a child of God, 2. that is what antichrist presents himself falsely as being, 3. Therefore the world may see itself in these writings, 4, 5. For Babel already burns and its empire goes toward its end, hallelujah! 6.
Whereas two magiae exist in one another thus there are also two magi that guide them as two spirits. One is God's spirit and the other is the reason-spirit in which the devil exerts himself, and in God's spirit the love of unity exerts itself. And man cannot test himself bet- ter than when he notices earnestly where his desire and lust drive him. Man has this earnestness as his guide, and he is also its child. Thus he has nevertheless the power to break and change the same will, because he is magical and has the power to do so.
2. But this must be in earnest, for man must tame the astral-spirit that rules in him. To this belongs a soberly calm life with constant reim- mersion [Einwerfung] into God's will. For neither wisdom nor art is able
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to restrain the astral-source, but rather the moderation of life with con- stant withdrawal from influence. The elementa always thrust the astral- craving into will for them. Thus it is not an easy thing to become a child of God. It takes great labor with much effort and suffering.
3. And still the antichrist is allowed to call himself God's child. But Christ says: Not everyone will enter into the kingdom of heaven who says to me, Lord, Lord, have we not through your name cast out de- mons, and through your name done many deeds? But He says to them: Go away from me, you stinking goats, I do not know you, Matt. 7:22. You did it from the false magia and were never recognized in my spirit and will. You are goats, tyrants, misers, courtiers, and voluptu- aries in your spiritual figure; you called out my name but sacrificed your heart to voluptuousness and to the flesh, and you were born in the turba.
