The son and succes-
sor of Cyrus the Great, ascended the throne of Persia
B.
sor of Cyrus the Great, ascended the throne of Persia
B.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
(II.
, 20, 231.
) -- II.
A daughter of Ocea-
nus and Tethys, mother of Gcryon, Echidna, Cerbe-
rus, and other monsters, by Chrysaor. (Hcsiod, Thcog. ,
287, seqq. )
Calliste, an island of the . Egean Sea, called also
Thera. (Vid. Thera. )
Callisteia, Beauty's rewards; a festival at Les-
bos, during which all the women presented themselves
in the temple of Juno, and the prize was assigned to
the fairest. (Athcnaus, 13, p. 610, a. ) There was
also an institution of the same kind among the Par-
rhasians, made first by Cypselus, whose wife was
honoured with the first prize. The Eleans had one
also, in which the fairest man received as a prize a
complete suit of armour, which he dedicated to Miner-
va. (Athenaus, I. c. --Casaub. el Schweigh. , ad loc. )
Callisthenes, a native of Olynthus, the son of
Hero, Aristotle's sister. He was placed by the Sta-
girite about the person of Alexander, as a kind of in-
structer, or, rather, companion of his studies, and ac-
? ? companied the monarch into the East. He gave of-
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? CAL
fliepritate papers of the dictator. (Pint. , Vit. Ant. ,
115. }--II. Calpurnia Lex, passed A. U. C. 604, against
HtaUon,by which law the first qiueslio perpelua was
established. (Cic. in Vcrr. , 4, 25. )--III. Another,
ailed also Acilia, concerning bribery, A. U. C. 686.
(Cif. pro ifurvzn. , 23. )
CiUURxios, I. a writer of mimes, not to be con-
ImieA with the pastoral poet of the same name.
(fair, Gesch. Rom. L. U. , vol. 1, p. 118. ) --II. A
Chrifthn in the time of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius,
from whom we have fifty-one Declamations remaining.
(BoAr,ii>. ,p. 557. ) III. A Latin poet, a native of Sici-
ly, and contemporary of Ncmcsianus, lived during the
third century of our era. In the earliest editions of
his works, and in all hut one of the MSS. , eleven
eclogues pass under his name. Ugoletus, however, at
a later period, guided by this single MS. , undertook to
assign four of the eleven to Nemesianus. In this he
is wrong, for the tone and manner of these pieces show
plainly that they all came from one pen. Such was
the opinion of Ulitius (Praf. ad Nemcsian. , Eclog. ,
p. 459. --Id. ad Tfemesian. , Cyncg. , v. 1, p. 314),
with which Burmann agrees (Poet. Lai. Mm. , Praf. ,
p. *** 4), and which Wemsdorff at last has fully estab-
lished. (Poet. Lot. Min. , vol. 2, p. 15, tcaq. ) The
Eclogues of Calpumius are not without merit, though
greatly inferior in elegance and simplicity to Virgil's.
They are dedicated to Nemesianus, his protector and
patron, for he himself was very poor. In the time of
Charlemagne these pieces were placed in the hands of
young scholars. The best editions arc found in the
Potta Latmi Minorca of Burmann, Lugd. Bat. , 1731,
2voU. 4to, and of Wernsdorff, Altemb. , 1780-1799, 10
TOls. 8vo. (Bdhr, Gesch. Rom. Lit. ,vo\. l,p. 301. )
CALVES COBS. LICINIUS, a Roman, equally distin-
guished M an orator and a poet. In the former ca-
pacity he is mentioned with praise by Cicero (Brut. ,
81. -- Ef. ad Fan. , 7, 24, -- Ibid. , 15, 51). He was
also the friend of Catullus, and two odes of that au-
thor's are addressed to him, in which he is commemo-
rated as a most delightful companion, from whose so-
ciety he could scarcely refrain. The fragments of his
epigrams which remain do not enable us to judge for
ourselves of his poetical merits. He is classed by
Ovid among the licentious writers. (Horat. , Scrm. ,
I, 10, 19. --Ditnlop't Rom. Lit. , vol. l,p. 540. )
CiLYCADNUs, a large and rapid river of Cilicia Tra-
chea, which rises in the central chain of Taurus, and,
after receiving some minor tributary streams, falls into
the sea between the promontories of Zcphyrium and
Sarpedon. It is now the Gink-sou. . (Ptin. , 5, 27. --
? . ic. , 38,38. --Amm. Marcell. , 14, 25. )
CALYDSJ, I. small islands, placed by Strabo (603)
between Cape Lectum and Tenedos, but not to be
found in that direction. In Choiseul Gouffier's map
they are laid down between Tenedos and Sigteum. --
II. A group of islands, lying off the coast of Caria, to
the southeast of Leros. One of the number was call-
ed Calymna. (Ham. , H. , 2, 676. ) Herodotus informs
us (7, 99), that the Calydnians were subject to Arte-
misia, queen of Caria. Calymna, in modern charts, is
called Ctdimno, and the surrounding group Kapperi
and Carataghiar. (Cramer's Ana Minor, vol. 2, p.
218)
CJU. VDON, a city of . ? tolia, below the river Eve-
nus, and between that stream and the sea. It was
famed in Grecian story on account of the boar-hunt
in its neighbourhood (vid. Meleager), the theme of
? ? poetry from Homer to Statius. We are told by my-
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? CAM
CAM
punished by the Romans for having admitted Cartha-
ginian troops within its walls. From this time it re-
mained an inconsiderable city. In the neighbourhood
of the place the river formed a low island, covered at
high water, but when the tide fell converted ,into a
marsh. This marsh yielded exhalations whicu pro-
duced a pestilence, and the inhabitants consulted an
oracle whether they should drain it. Athough the or-
acle dissuaded them, they drained it, and opened a way
to their enemies to come and plunder their city.
Hence arose the proverb, from the words of the oracle,
(<<) Kivei Ka/iapivav, "move not Camarina," applied
to those who, by removing one evil, will bring on a
greater. Nothing now remains of this city but some
ruins, and the name Camarana, given by the natives to
a town and a neighbouring marsh. (Vtrg. , Jin. , 3,
701. --Herod. , 7, 154. )
Camdunii Montes, a chain of mountains forming the
southern boundary of Macedonia, and separating that
country from Thessaly. (Liv. , 42, 53. --Id. , 44, 2. )
Cambyses, I. an early monarch of the line of the
Achremcnides, the successor of Tcispes, who was him-
self the successor of Achsmcnes. He must not be con-
founded with Cambyses, the son of Cyrus, who was, in
fact, the second of the name in the line of Persian
kings. (Herod. , 7, 11. --Consult Bahr and Larcher,
ad he. )--II. A Persian of good family, but peaceful
disposition, to whom Astyages, king of Media, gave
his daughter Mandanc in marriage. (Vtd. Astyages. )
The issue of this union was Cyrus the Great. (He-
rod. , 1, 46. --Id. , 1, 107. )--III.
The son and succes-
sor of Cyrus the Great, ascended the throne of Persia
B. C. 530. Soon after the commencement of his
reign, he undertook the conquest of Egypt, being ex-
cited to the step, according to the Persian account as
given in Herodotus (3, 1), by the conduct of Amasis,
the king of that country. Cambyses, it seems, had de-
manded in marriage the daughter of Amasis; but the
latter, knowing that the Persian monarch intended to
make her, not his wife, but his concubine, endeavour-
ed to deceive him by sending in her stead the daughter
of his predecessor Apries. The historian gives also
another account besides this; but it is more than prol>-
able that both arc untrue, and that ambitious feelings
alone on the part of Cambyses prompted him to the
enterprise. (Compare Dahlmann, Herod. , p. 148 --
Creuzer, ad Herod. , I. e. ) Amasis died before Cam-
byses marched against Egypt, and his son Psammeni-
tus succeeded to the throne. A bloody battle was
fought near the Pelusiac mouth of the Nile, and the
Egyptians were put to flight, after which Cambyses
made himself master of the whole country, and receiv-
ed tokens of submission also from the Cyrenffians and
the people of Barca. The kingdom of Egypt was thus
conquered by him in six months. Cambyses now form-
ed new projects. He wished to send a squadron and
subjugate Carthage, to conquer . . Ethiopia, and to make
himself master of the famous temple of Jupiter Amnion.
The first of these expeditions, however, did not take
place, because the Phoenicians, who composed his na-
val force, would not go to attack one of their own col-
onics. The army that was sent against the Ammoni-
ans perished in the desert; and the troops at whose
head he himself had set out against the -Ethiopians
were compelled by hunger to retreat. How far he
advanced into ^Ethiopia cannot be ascertained from
anything that Herodotus says. Diodorus Siculus, how-
? ? ever (1, 33), makes Cambyses to have penetrated as
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? CAM
wm, having by his tyranny rendered himself odious to
his subjects, was by them expelled from his dominions,
and forced to take refuge from their fury in the lonely
woods. Here he bred up the infant Camilla, the sole
companion Of his flight; and, having dedicated her to
the service of Diana, he instructed her in the use of the
bow and arrow, and accustomed her to the practice of
martial and sylvan exercises. She was so remarkable
for her swiftness, that uhe is described by the poets
asfljmgover the corn without bending the stalks, and
skimming over the surface of the water without wet-
ting het feet. Attended by a train of warriors, she led
the VoUcians to battle against . Mnr. -is. Many brave
chiefs feu by her hand; but she was at length herself
killed by a soldier of the name of Aruns, who, from
a place of concealment, aimed a javelin at her. Diana,
however, who had foreseen this fatal event, had com-
missioned Opis, one of her nymphs, to avenge the
death of Camilla, and Aruns was slain in his flight
from the combat by the arrows of the goddess. (Virg. ,
Ex. , 7, 803, *eqq- Id. ib. , 11, 632, scqq. --Id. ib. ,
11. 843, seijq. ) Tasso has applied this story of Camil-
la to Clorinda ( B. 12, stanza 20, &c. ).
CIMILLUS (L. FORIUS), a celebrated Roman, called
a second Romulus, from his services to his country.
After filling various important stations, and, among
other achievements, taking the city of Veil, which had
for the space of ten years resisted the Roman arms, he
encountered at last the displeasure of his countrymen,
and was accused of having embezzled some of the
plunder of this place. Being well aware how the mat-
ter would terminate, Camillus went into voluntary ex-
ile, although his friends offered to pay the sum demand-
ed of him. During this period of separation from his
country, Rome, with the exception of the Capitol, was
taken by the Gauls under Brennus. Camillus, though
an exile, was invited by the fugitive Romans at Veil
to take command of them, but refused to act until the
vishes of the Romans besieged in the Capitol were
known. These unanimously revoked the sentence of
banishment, and elected him dictator. The noble-
minded Roman forgot their previous ingratitude, and
marched to the relief of his country; which he deliv-
ered, after it had been for some time in the possession
of the enemy. The Roman account says, that Camil-
lus, at the head of an army of forty thousand men,
hastened to Rome, where he found the garrison of the
Capitol on the point of purchasing peace from the in-
vaders. "With iron, not with gold," exclaimed Ca-
millus, "Rome buys her freedom. " An attack was
instantly made upon the Gauls, a victory obtained,
and the foe left their camp by night. On the morrow
Camillus overtook them, and they met with a total
overthrow. His triumphal entry into Rome was made
amid the acclamations of thousands, who greeted him
with the name of Romulus, father of his country, and
seeond founder of the city. After performing another
equally important service, in prevailing upon his coun-
trymen to rebuild their city and not return to Vcii, and
after gaining victories over the JDqui, Volsci, Etruri-
ans, and Latins, he died in the eighty-ninth year of his
a? e, having been five times dictator, once censor, three
times interrex, twice military tribune, and having ob-
tained four triumphs. (Plut. in Vit. -- Lie. , 5, 46,
*tyq. --Ftor. , 1, 13. --Virg. , JEn. , 6, 825. )--We have
touched merely on a few of the events connected with
the history of Camillus, in consequence of the strong
suspicion which attaches itself to the greater part of
? ? the narrative. In no instance, perhaps, have the fam-
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? CAM
language was retained by the inhabitants of Campania,
though mingled with the dialects of the various tribes
which successively obtained possession of that much-
prized country. Of these, the next to be mentioned
are the Tuscans, who are stated to have extended their
dominion at an early period both to the north and south
of that portion of Italy, which is considered as more
properly belonging to them. When they had effected
the conquest of Campania, that province became the
seat of a particular empire, and received the federal
form of a government, centred in twelve principal cities.
(Strata, 242. --Lie. , 4, 31. --Polyb. , 2, 17. ) Wealth
and luxury, however, soon produced their usual effects
on the conquerors of Campania, and they in their turn
fell an easy prey to the attacks of the Sammies, and
were compelled to admit these hardy warriors to share
with them the possession and enjoyment of these sunny
plains. This observation, however, applies more par-
ticularly to Capua and its district, which was surpnscd
by a Samnite force, A. U. C. 331. (Liv. , 4, 44. ) It is
from this period that we must date the origin of the Cam-
panian nation, which appears to have been thus com-
posed of Oscans, Tuscans, Samnites, and Greeks, the
latter having formed numerous colonies on these shores.
About eighty years after, the Romans gladly seized the
opportunity of adding so valuable a portion of Italy to
their dominions, under the pretence of defending the
Campanians against their former enemies the Samnites.
From this time Campania may be regarded as subject
to Rome, if we except that short interval in which the
brilliant successes of Hannibal withdrew its inhabitants
from their allegiance; an offence which they were made
to expiate by a'punishment, the severity of which has
few examples in the history, not of Rome only, but of
nations. (Liv. , 26, 14, seqq. ) -- The natural advan-
tages of Campania, its genial climate and fertile soil,
so rich in various productions, are a favouiite theme
with the Latin writers, and elicit from them many an
eloquent and animated tribute of admiration. Pliny,
in particular, styles it, "Felix ilia Campania . . . .
ccrtamen humantr noluptatis. " (Cramer's Anc. Italy,
vol. 2, p. 143, seqq. )
CAMPASPE, a beautiful female whom Alexander be-
stowed upon Apclles. (Vid. Apelles. )
CAMPI, I. CAN! NI, plains situate in the country of
the Mesiates, in Cisalpine Gaul, whose territory cor-
responded to the modem Val di Misocco. (Amm.
Marccll. , 15, 10. )--II. DIOMKDIS, the plains in Apulia
on which the battle of CanntE was fought. (Sil. Ital. ,
8, 242. --LIB. , 25, 11. --Strab. , 283. )--III. LABOKINI,
a name applied to the district between Cumie and
Puteoli, now Terra di Lanoro. The modern name is
probably derived from the ancient. (Plin. , 3, 5. )--
IV. RAUDU. (Vid. Raudii Campi. ) -- V. TAUBASIM,
a name given to the territory of Taurasium, in Sam-
nium. Pyrrhus was defeated here by Dcntatus. The
name is often incorrectly given as Campi Arusini.
(Flor. , 1, 18. --Frontin. , Slraleff. , 4, 1. --Oros. , 4, 2. )
CAMPUS MARTIUS, a large plain at Rome, without
the walls of the city, where the Roman youths per-
formed their gymnastic exercises. Public assemblies
were often held here, magistrates chosen, and here,
too, audience was given to such ambassadors as the
senate did not choose to admit within the city. The
bodies of the dead were also burned here. The
Campus Martius, as we leam from Livy (2, 5), was
land which belonged formerly to Tarquin, but which,
being confiscated with the remaining property of that
? ? king after his expulsion, was dedicated to Mars. But
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? CAN
honour of Bacchus. They carried small baskets of
gold, containing fruit and various sacred and mysteri-
ous things. (Clem. Alex , Protr. , p. 19. --Artstoph. ,
Ackarn . 341, scqq. ) They wore around their necks a
collar of dried figs. (Compare Aristoph. , Lysistr ,
v. 647--Satntc-Croix, Mystercs du Paganisme, vol.
2, p. 87, with the note of De Sacy. )
CaxiculXres dies, certain days in the summer,
preceding and ensuing the heliacal rising of Camcula,
or the dog-star, in the morning. The ancients believed
that this star, rising with the sun, and joining his in-
fluence to the fire of that luminary, was the cause of
the extraordinary heat which usually prevailed in that
season; and accordingly they gave the name of dog-
days to about six or eight weeks of the hottest part
of summer. This idea originated with the Egyptians,
and was borrowed from them by the Greeks. The
Romans sacrificed a brown dog every year to Canicula,
at its rising, to appease its rage. (Consult remarks
under the article Sirius. )
Caxidia, a reputed sorceress at Rome, ridiculed by
Horace. (Epod. , 5. )
Caninef-Ites, a people ofGermania Superior, of
common origin with the Batavi, and inhabiting the
western part of the Insula Batavorum. The name is
written differently in different authors. (Veil. Paterc,
2. 105-- Plin. , 4, 15. --Tacit. , Hist. , 4, 15. )
CasinIus Kf. hii. is. C. a consul along with Julius
Cssar. Q. Fabius Maximus, the regular colleague of
Cesar in the consulship, died on the last day of his
official year, in the morning, and Cffisar caused Ca-
ninius to be elected in his stead, althougn only a few
hours remained for enjoying the consulship.
nus and Tethys, mother of Gcryon, Echidna, Cerbe-
rus, and other monsters, by Chrysaor. (Hcsiod, Thcog. ,
287, seqq. )
Calliste, an island of the . Egean Sea, called also
Thera. (Vid. Thera. )
Callisteia, Beauty's rewards; a festival at Les-
bos, during which all the women presented themselves
in the temple of Juno, and the prize was assigned to
the fairest. (Athcnaus, 13, p. 610, a. ) There was
also an institution of the same kind among the Par-
rhasians, made first by Cypselus, whose wife was
honoured with the first prize. The Eleans had one
also, in which the fairest man received as a prize a
complete suit of armour, which he dedicated to Miner-
va. (Athenaus, I. c. --Casaub. el Schweigh. , ad loc. )
Callisthenes, a native of Olynthus, the son of
Hero, Aristotle's sister. He was placed by the Sta-
girite about the person of Alexander, as a kind of in-
structer, or, rather, companion of his studies, and ac-
? ? companied the monarch into the East. He gave of-
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? CAL
fliepritate papers of the dictator. (Pint. , Vit. Ant. ,
115. }--II. Calpurnia Lex, passed A. U. C. 604, against
HtaUon,by which law the first qiueslio perpelua was
established. (Cic. in Vcrr. , 4, 25. )--III. Another,
ailed also Acilia, concerning bribery, A. U. C. 686.
(Cif. pro ifurvzn. , 23. )
CiUURxios, I. a writer of mimes, not to be con-
ImieA with the pastoral poet of the same name.
(fair, Gesch. Rom. L. U. , vol. 1, p. 118. ) --II. A
Chrifthn in the time of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius,
from whom we have fifty-one Declamations remaining.
(BoAr,ii>. ,p. 557. ) III. A Latin poet, a native of Sici-
ly, and contemporary of Ncmcsianus, lived during the
third century of our era. In the earliest editions of
his works, and in all hut one of the MSS. , eleven
eclogues pass under his name. Ugoletus, however, at
a later period, guided by this single MS. , undertook to
assign four of the eleven to Nemesianus. In this he
is wrong, for the tone and manner of these pieces show
plainly that they all came from one pen. Such was
the opinion of Ulitius (Praf. ad Nemcsian. , Eclog. ,
p. 459. --Id. ad Tfemesian. , Cyncg. , v. 1, p. 314),
with which Burmann agrees (Poet. Lai. Mm. , Praf. ,
p. *** 4), and which Wemsdorff at last has fully estab-
lished. (Poet. Lot. Min. , vol. 2, p. 15, tcaq. ) The
Eclogues of Calpumius are not without merit, though
greatly inferior in elegance and simplicity to Virgil's.
They are dedicated to Nemesianus, his protector and
patron, for he himself was very poor. In the time of
Charlemagne these pieces were placed in the hands of
young scholars. The best editions arc found in the
Potta Latmi Minorca of Burmann, Lugd. Bat. , 1731,
2voU. 4to, and of Wernsdorff, Altemb. , 1780-1799, 10
TOls. 8vo. (Bdhr, Gesch. Rom. Lit. ,vo\. l,p. 301. )
CALVES COBS. LICINIUS, a Roman, equally distin-
guished M an orator and a poet. In the former ca-
pacity he is mentioned with praise by Cicero (Brut. ,
81. -- Ef. ad Fan. , 7, 24, -- Ibid. , 15, 51). He was
also the friend of Catullus, and two odes of that au-
thor's are addressed to him, in which he is commemo-
rated as a most delightful companion, from whose so-
ciety he could scarcely refrain. The fragments of his
epigrams which remain do not enable us to judge for
ourselves of his poetical merits. He is classed by
Ovid among the licentious writers. (Horat. , Scrm. ,
I, 10, 19. --Ditnlop't Rom. Lit. , vol. l,p. 540. )
CiLYCADNUs, a large and rapid river of Cilicia Tra-
chea, which rises in the central chain of Taurus, and,
after receiving some minor tributary streams, falls into
the sea between the promontories of Zcphyrium and
Sarpedon. It is now the Gink-sou. . (Ptin. , 5, 27. --
? . ic. , 38,38. --Amm. Marcell. , 14, 25. )
CALYDSJ, I. small islands, placed by Strabo (603)
between Cape Lectum and Tenedos, but not to be
found in that direction. In Choiseul Gouffier's map
they are laid down between Tenedos and Sigteum. --
II. A group of islands, lying off the coast of Caria, to
the southeast of Leros. One of the number was call-
ed Calymna. (Ham. , H. , 2, 676. ) Herodotus informs
us (7, 99), that the Calydnians were subject to Arte-
misia, queen of Caria. Calymna, in modern charts, is
called Ctdimno, and the surrounding group Kapperi
and Carataghiar. (Cramer's Ana Minor, vol. 2, p.
218)
CJU. VDON, a city of . ? tolia, below the river Eve-
nus, and between that stream and the sea. It was
famed in Grecian story on account of the boar-hunt
in its neighbourhood (vid. Meleager), the theme of
? ? poetry from Homer to Statius. We are told by my-
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? CAM
CAM
punished by the Romans for having admitted Cartha-
ginian troops within its walls. From this time it re-
mained an inconsiderable city. In the neighbourhood
of the place the river formed a low island, covered at
high water, but when the tide fell converted ,into a
marsh. This marsh yielded exhalations whicu pro-
duced a pestilence, and the inhabitants consulted an
oracle whether they should drain it. Athough the or-
acle dissuaded them, they drained it, and opened a way
to their enemies to come and plunder their city.
Hence arose the proverb, from the words of the oracle,
(<<) Kivei Ka/iapivav, "move not Camarina," applied
to those who, by removing one evil, will bring on a
greater. Nothing now remains of this city but some
ruins, and the name Camarana, given by the natives to
a town and a neighbouring marsh. (Vtrg. , Jin. , 3,
701. --Herod. , 7, 154. )
Camdunii Montes, a chain of mountains forming the
southern boundary of Macedonia, and separating that
country from Thessaly. (Liv. , 42, 53. --Id. , 44, 2. )
Cambyses, I. an early monarch of the line of the
Achremcnides, the successor of Tcispes, who was him-
self the successor of Achsmcnes. He must not be con-
founded with Cambyses, the son of Cyrus, who was, in
fact, the second of the name in the line of Persian
kings. (Herod. , 7, 11. --Consult Bahr and Larcher,
ad he. )--II. A Persian of good family, but peaceful
disposition, to whom Astyages, king of Media, gave
his daughter Mandanc in marriage. (Vtd. Astyages. )
The issue of this union was Cyrus the Great. (He-
rod. , 1, 46. --Id. , 1, 107. )--III.
The son and succes-
sor of Cyrus the Great, ascended the throne of Persia
B. C. 530. Soon after the commencement of his
reign, he undertook the conquest of Egypt, being ex-
cited to the step, according to the Persian account as
given in Herodotus (3, 1), by the conduct of Amasis,
the king of that country. Cambyses, it seems, had de-
manded in marriage the daughter of Amasis; but the
latter, knowing that the Persian monarch intended to
make her, not his wife, but his concubine, endeavour-
ed to deceive him by sending in her stead the daughter
of his predecessor Apries. The historian gives also
another account besides this; but it is more than prol>-
able that both arc untrue, and that ambitious feelings
alone on the part of Cambyses prompted him to the
enterprise. (Compare Dahlmann, Herod. , p. 148 --
Creuzer, ad Herod. , I. e. ) Amasis died before Cam-
byses marched against Egypt, and his son Psammeni-
tus succeeded to the throne. A bloody battle was
fought near the Pelusiac mouth of the Nile, and the
Egyptians were put to flight, after which Cambyses
made himself master of the whole country, and receiv-
ed tokens of submission also from the Cyrenffians and
the people of Barca. The kingdom of Egypt was thus
conquered by him in six months. Cambyses now form-
ed new projects. He wished to send a squadron and
subjugate Carthage, to conquer . . Ethiopia, and to make
himself master of the famous temple of Jupiter Amnion.
The first of these expeditions, however, did not take
place, because the Phoenicians, who composed his na-
val force, would not go to attack one of their own col-
onics. The army that was sent against the Ammoni-
ans perished in the desert; and the troops at whose
head he himself had set out against the -Ethiopians
were compelled by hunger to retreat. How far he
advanced into ^Ethiopia cannot be ascertained from
anything that Herodotus says. Diodorus Siculus, how-
? ? ever (1, 33), makes Cambyses to have penetrated as
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? CAM
wm, having by his tyranny rendered himself odious to
his subjects, was by them expelled from his dominions,
and forced to take refuge from their fury in the lonely
woods. Here he bred up the infant Camilla, the sole
companion Of his flight; and, having dedicated her to
the service of Diana, he instructed her in the use of the
bow and arrow, and accustomed her to the practice of
martial and sylvan exercises. She was so remarkable
for her swiftness, that uhe is described by the poets
asfljmgover the corn without bending the stalks, and
skimming over the surface of the water without wet-
ting het feet. Attended by a train of warriors, she led
the VoUcians to battle against . Mnr. -is. Many brave
chiefs feu by her hand; but she was at length herself
killed by a soldier of the name of Aruns, who, from
a place of concealment, aimed a javelin at her. Diana,
however, who had foreseen this fatal event, had com-
missioned Opis, one of her nymphs, to avenge the
death of Camilla, and Aruns was slain in his flight
from the combat by the arrows of the goddess. (Virg. ,
Ex. , 7, 803, *eqq- Id. ib. , 11, 632, scqq. --Id. ib. ,
11. 843, seijq. ) Tasso has applied this story of Camil-
la to Clorinda ( B. 12, stanza 20, &c. ).
CIMILLUS (L. FORIUS), a celebrated Roman, called
a second Romulus, from his services to his country.
After filling various important stations, and, among
other achievements, taking the city of Veil, which had
for the space of ten years resisted the Roman arms, he
encountered at last the displeasure of his countrymen,
and was accused of having embezzled some of the
plunder of this place. Being well aware how the mat-
ter would terminate, Camillus went into voluntary ex-
ile, although his friends offered to pay the sum demand-
ed of him. During this period of separation from his
country, Rome, with the exception of the Capitol, was
taken by the Gauls under Brennus. Camillus, though
an exile, was invited by the fugitive Romans at Veil
to take command of them, but refused to act until the
vishes of the Romans besieged in the Capitol were
known. These unanimously revoked the sentence of
banishment, and elected him dictator. The noble-
minded Roman forgot their previous ingratitude, and
marched to the relief of his country; which he deliv-
ered, after it had been for some time in the possession
of the enemy. The Roman account says, that Camil-
lus, at the head of an army of forty thousand men,
hastened to Rome, where he found the garrison of the
Capitol on the point of purchasing peace from the in-
vaders. "With iron, not with gold," exclaimed Ca-
millus, "Rome buys her freedom. " An attack was
instantly made upon the Gauls, a victory obtained,
and the foe left their camp by night. On the morrow
Camillus overtook them, and they met with a total
overthrow. His triumphal entry into Rome was made
amid the acclamations of thousands, who greeted him
with the name of Romulus, father of his country, and
seeond founder of the city. After performing another
equally important service, in prevailing upon his coun-
trymen to rebuild their city and not return to Vcii, and
after gaining victories over the JDqui, Volsci, Etruri-
ans, and Latins, he died in the eighty-ninth year of his
a? e, having been five times dictator, once censor, three
times interrex, twice military tribune, and having ob-
tained four triumphs. (Plut. in Vit. -- Lie. , 5, 46,
*tyq. --Ftor. , 1, 13. --Virg. , JEn. , 6, 825. )--We have
touched merely on a few of the events connected with
the history of Camillus, in consequence of the strong
suspicion which attaches itself to the greater part of
? ? the narrative. In no instance, perhaps, have the fam-
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? CAM
language was retained by the inhabitants of Campania,
though mingled with the dialects of the various tribes
which successively obtained possession of that much-
prized country. Of these, the next to be mentioned
are the Tuscans, who are stated to have extended their
dominion at an early period both to the north and south
of that portion of Italy, which is considered as more
properly belonging to them. When they had effected
the conquest of Campania, that province became the
seat of a particular empire, and received the federal
form of a government, centred in twelve principal cities.
(Strata, 242. --Lie. , 4, 31. --Polyb. , 2, 17. ) Wealth
and luxury, however, soon produced their usual effects
on the conquerors of Campania, and they in their turn
fell an easy prey to the attacks of the Sammies, and
were compelled to admit these hardy warriors to share
with them the possession and enjoyment of these sunny
plains. This observation, however, applies more par-
ticularly to Capua and its district, which was surpnscd
by a Samnite force, A. U. C. 331. (Liv. , 4, 44. ) It is
from this period that we must date the origin of the Cam-
panian nation, which appears to have been thus com-
posed of Oscans, Tuscans, Samnites, and Greeks, the
latter having formed numerous colonies on these shores.
About eighty years after, the Romans gladly seized the
opportunity of adding so valuable a portion of Italy to
their dominions, under the pretence of defending the
Campanians against their former enemies the Samnites.
From this time Campania may be regarded as subject
to Rome, if we except that short interval in which the
brilliant successes of Hannibal withdrew its inhabitants
from their allegiance; an offence which they were made
to expiate by a'punishment, the severity of which has
few examples in the history, not of Rome only, but of
nations. (Liv. , 26, 14, seqq. ) -- The natural advan-
tages of Campania, its genial climate and fertile soil,
so rich in various productions, are a favouiite theme
with the Latin writers, and elicit from them many an
eloquent and animated tribute of admiration. Pliny,
in particular, styles it, "Felix ilia Campania . . . .
ccrtamen humantr noluptatis. " (Cramer's Anc. Italy,
vol. 2, p. 143, seqq. )
CAMPASPE, a beautiful female whom Alexander be-
stowed upon Apclles. (Vid. Apelles. )
CAMPI, I. CAN! NI, plains situate in the country of
the Mesiates, in Cisalpine Gaul, whose territory cor-
responded to the modem Val di Misocco. (Amm.
Marccll. , 15, 10. )--II. DIOMKDIS, the plains in Apulia
on which the battle of CanntE was fought. (Sil. Ital. ,
8, 242. --LIB. , 25, 11. --Strab. , 283. )--III. LABOKINI,
a name applied to the district between Cumie and
Puteoli, now Terra di Lanoro. The modern name is
probably derived from the ancient. (Plin. , 3, 5. )--
IV. RAUDU. (Vid. Raudii Campi. ) -- V. TAUBASIM,
a name given to the territory of Taurasium, in Sam-
nium. Pyrrhus was defeated here by Dcntatus. The
name is often incorrectly given as Campi Arusini.
(Flor. , 1, 18. --Frontin. , Slraleff. , 4, 1. --Oros. , 4, 2. )
CAMPUS MARTIUS, a large plain at Rome, without
the walls of the city, where the Roman youths per-
formed their gymnastic exercises. Public assemblies
were often held here, magistrates chosen, and here,
too, audience was given to such ambassadors as the
senate did not choose to admit within the city. The
bodies of the dead were also burned here. The
Campus Martius, as we leam from Livy (2, 5), was
land which belonged formerly to Tarquin, but which,
being confiscated with the remaining property of that
? ? king after his expulsion, was dedicated to Mars. But
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? CAN
honour of Bacchus. They carried small baskets of
gold, containing fruit and various sacred and mysteri-
ous things. (Clem. Alex , Protr. , p. 19. --Artstoph. ,
Ackarn . 341, scqq. ) They wore around their necks a
collar of dried figs. (Compare Aristoph. , Lysistr ,
v. 647--Satntc-Croix, Mystercs du Paganisme, vol.
2, p. 87, with the note of De Sacy. )
CaxiculXres dies, certain days in the summer,
preceding and ensuing the heliacal rising of Camcula,
or the dog-star, in the morning. The ancients believed
that this star, rising with the sun, and joining his in-
fluence to the fire of that luminary, was the cause of
the extraordinary heat which usually prevailed in that
season; and accordingly they gave the name of dog-
days to about six or eight weeks of the hottest part
of summer. This idea originated with the Egyptians,
and was borrowed from them by the Greeks. The
Romans sacrificed a brown dog every year to Canicula,
at its rising, to appease its rage. (Consult remarks
under the article Sirius. )
Caxidia, a reputed sorceress at Rome, ridiculed by
Horace. (Epod. , 5. )
Caninef-Ites, a people ofGermania Superior, of
common origin with the Batavi, and inhabiting the
western part of the Insula Batavorum. The name is
written differently in different authors. (Veil. Paterc,
2. 105-- Plin. , 4, 15. --Tacit. , Hist. , 4, 15. )
CasinIus Kf. hii. is. C. a consul along with Julius
Cssar. Q. Fabius Maximus, the regular colleague of
Cesar in the consulship, died on the last day of his
official year, in the morning, and Cffisar caused Ca-
ninius to be elected in his stead, althougn only a few
hours remained for enjoying the consulship.
