Knos just
liter I'icpio had breathed his last.
liter I'icpio had breathed his last.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
287.
)
? ? Cataohia, a tract of country in the southern part
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? CATILINA.
CATILINA.
near Rome, and even Rome itself. At the same time
he numbered among his adherents not only the worst
and lowest of the riotous populace, but also many of
the patricians and men of consular rank. Everything
favoured his audacious scheme. Pompey was pursu-
ing the victories which Lucullus had prepared for him,
and the latter was but a feeble supporter of the patriots
in the senate, who wished him, but in vain, to put
himself at their head. Crassus, who had delivered It-
aly from the gladiators, was now striving with mad
eagerness after power and riches, and, instead of op-
flosing, countenanced the growing influence of Cati-
ine, as a means of his own aggrandizement. Caesar,
who was labouring to revive the party of Marius, spared
Catiline, and, perhaps, even encouraged him. Only two
Romans remained determined to uphold their falling
country--Cato and Cicero; the latter of whom alone
possessed the qualifications necessary for the task.
The conspirators were now planning the elevation of
Catiline and one of his accomplices to the consulship.
When this was effected, they hoped to obtain possession
of the public treasures and the property of the citizens,
under various pretexts, and especially by means of pro-
scription. It is not probable, however, that Catiline
had promised them the liberty of burning and plunder-
ing Rome. Cicero had the courage to stand candi-
date for the consulship, in spite of the impending dan-
ger, of the extent of which he was perfectly aware.
Neither insults nor threats, nor even riots and attempts
to assassinate him, deterred him from his purpose;
and, being supported by the rich citizens, he gained
his election, B. C. 65. All that the party of Catiline
could accomplish was the election of Caius Antonius,
one of their accomplices, as colleague of Cicero. This
failure, however, did not deprive Catiline of the hope
of gaining the consulship the following year. For
this purpose he redoubled the measures of terror, by
means of which he had laid the foundation of his pow-
er. Meanwhile he had lost some of the most impor-
tant members of his conspiracy. Antony had been
prevailed upon or compelled by Cicero to remain neu-
tral. Cesar and Crassus had resolved to do the same.
Piso had been killed in Spain. Italy, however, was
destitute of troops. The veterans of Sylla only waited
the signal to take up arms. This signal was now
given by Catiline. The centurion Manlius appeared
among them, and formed a camp in Etruria. Cicero
was on the watch, and a fortunate accident disclosed
to him the counsels of the conspirators. One of them,
Curius, was on intimate terms with a woman of doubt-
ful reputation, Fulvia by name, and had acquainted
her with their plans. Through this woman Cicero
learned that two knights had undertaken to assassi-
nate him at his house. On the day which they had
fixed for the execution of their plan, they found his
doors barred and guarded. Still Cicero delayed to
make public the circumstances of a conspiracy, the
progress and resources of which he wished first to as-
certain. He contented himself with warning his fel-
low-citizens, in general terms, of the impending dan-
ger. But when the insurrection of Manlius was made
known, he procured the passage of the celebrated de-
cree, "that the consuls should take care that the re-
public received no detriment. " By a decree of this
kind, the consuls or other magistrates named therein
were, in accordance with the custom of the state,
armed with the supreme civil and military authority. '
? ? It was exceedingly difficult to seize the person of one
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? C AT
cause of the aristocracy, yet the chance of resisting
him was not so hopeless as to dismay a set of despe-
rate conspirators, -who, in their calculations, would
have been well contented if the probability of their
failure was only a little greater than that of their suc-
cess. (SnU. , BcU. Cat. --Cic. , Or. in Cat. , 1, &c. --
U, pro Muran. , e. 85. --Sneyclop. Amer. , vol. 3, p.
3, teqq. --Encyclop. JHetropol. , Dm. 3, vol. 2, p. 176,
CITILI. CS or CATILDS. Vid. Tibur.
CATIUS, M. a fictitious name in Horace (Scrm. , 2,
4), under which the poet' alludes to an entire class of
persons, who abused the genuine doctrines of Epicu-
rus, and made a large portion of human felicity con-
sist in the pleasures of the table. According to Manso
(Schri/ten und Abhandlungen, p. 59), Catins appears
to have had for his prototype one Malius, a Roman
knight, famed for his acquaintance with the precepts
of the culinary art. (Consult Heindorf, ad Horal. , I. c. )
--The scholiast cited by Cruquius makes Catius to
have been an Epicurean, and to have written on " the
Nature ofThings," and " the Sovereign Good. " With
this account Acron and Porphyrion agree. Cicero,
moreover, speaks of the Epicurean Catius, from lu. su-
bria, as of a writer who had died only a short time pre-
vious. (Cic. , Ep. ad fam. . , 15, 16. --Compare Quin-
td. , 10, 1. ) Still, however, the explanation we have
given suits better the spirit of Horace's satire; and,
besides, Catius had died some tune before, and was
almost entirely forgotten. (Hetndorf, I. c. )
CATO, a surname of the Porcian family, rendered
illustrious by M. Porcius Cato, a celebrated Roman,
rimamed Censorius, in allusion to the severity with
which he discharged the office of a censor, and hence
commonly styled, at the present day, " Cato the Cen-
? or. " Other surnames were, Priscus, " the old. " and
Major, '? the elder," both alluding to his having pre-
ceded, in the order of time, the younger Cato, who
committed suicide at Utica. The subject of the pres-
ent sketch was bom 232 B. C. , at Tusculum, of ple-
beian parents. His family were in very moderate cir-
cumstances, and little, if anything, was known of it,
until he himself made the name a conspicuous one.
His father left him a small farm in the Sabine terri-
tory, and here the first years of his youth were spent.
The state of public affairs, however, soon compelled
him to take up arms for the defence of his country.
The second Punic war had broken out, and Hannibal
had invaded Italy. Cato, therefore, served his first
campaign at the age of seventeen, under Fabius Maxi-
mus, when he besieged the city of Capua. Five.
years after this he fought under the same commander
at the siege of Tarentum, and, after the capture of this
place, became acquainted with the Pythagorean Near-
chus, who initiated him into the principles of that
system of philosophy, with which, in practice, he had
already become familiar. The war being ended, Cato
returned to hia farm. Near this there stood a cot-
tage belonging to Manius Corius Dentatus, who had
repeatedly triumphed over the Sabines and Samnites,
and had at length driven Pyrrhus from Italy. Cato was
accustomed frequently to walk over to the humble
abode of this renowned commander, where he was
struck with admiration at the frugality of its owner,
and the skilful management of the farm which was
attached to it. Hence it became his great object to
emulate his illustrious neighbour, and adopt him as his
mode! . Having made an estimate of his house, lands,
riaves, and expenses, he applied himself to husbandry
? ? with new ardour, and retrenched all superfluity. In
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? CATO.
CATO.
cius Scipio, and expelled Manilius from fne sbnate for
saluting his wife at what Cato deemed an improper
time. Still, however, most of his proceedings when
censor indicate a man who aimed, by every method,
at keeping up the true spirit of earlier days. Hence,
though his measures, while holding this office, caused
liini some obloquy and opposition, they met in the end
with the highest applause, and, when he resigned the
censorship, the-people erected a statue to him in the
temple of Health, with an honourable inscription, tes-
tifying his faithful discharge of the duties of his of-
fice. Cato's attachment to the old Roman morals
was still more plainly seen in his opposition to Car-
neades and his colleagues, when he persuaded the sen-
ate to send back these philosophers, without delay, to
their own schools, through fear lest the Roman youth
should lose their martial character in the pursuit of
Grecian learning. The whole political career of Cato
was one continued warfare. He was continually ac-
cusing others, or made the subject of accusation him-
self. Livy, although full of admiration for his charac-
ter, still does not seek to deny, that Cato was sus-
pected of having excited the accusation brought against
Scipio Africanus, which compelled that illustrious man
to retire from the capital. He was also the means of
the condemnation of Scipio Asiaticus, who would
have been dragged to prison had not Tiberius Grac-
chus generously interfered. As for Cato himself,
he was fifty times accused and as often acquitted.
He was eighty-five years of age when ho saw himself
compelled to answer the last accusation brought against
him, and the exordium of his speech on that occasion
was marked by a peculiar and touching simplicity: "It
is a hard thing, Romans, to give an account of one's
conduct before the men of an age different from that
in which one has himself lived. "--The last act of Ca-
to's public life was his embassy to Carthage, to settle
the dispute between the Carthaginians and King Mas-
sinissa. This voyage of his is rendered famous in his-
tory, since to it has been attributed the destruction of
Carthage. In fact, struck by the rapid recovery of
this city from the loss it had sustained, Cato ever af-
ter ended every speech of his with the well-known
words, " Pratcrea censco Carthagmem esse delcndam"
(" I am also of opinion that Carthage ought to be de-
stroyed"). Whatever we may think of his patriotism
in this, we certainly cannot admire his political saga-
city, since the ruin of Carthage, by removing all dread
of a once powerful rival, only tended to accelerate
the downfall of Roman freedom itself. Cato died a
year after his return from this embassy, in the eighty-
fifth year of his age. --Although frugal of the public
revenues, he does not appear to have been indifferent
to riches, nor to have neglected the ordinary means of
acquiring them; nay, if Plutarch speaks truly, some
of the modes to which he had recourso for increasing
his resources were anything but reputable. Towards
the end of his life he was fond of indulging in a cheer-
ful glass, and of inviting daily some of his neighbours
to sup with him at his villa; and the conversation
on these occasions turned, not, as one might have sup-
posed, chiefly on rural affairs, hut on the praises of
great and excellent men among the Romans. He was
twice married, and had a son by each of his wives.
His conduct as a husband and father was equally ex-
emplary. --Cato may be taken as a specimen of the
Sabino-Samnite character. If his life be regarded as
? ? that of a mere private man, it offers only acerbity and
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? CATO.
would be highly interesting, as proceeding from one
who was equally distinguished in the camp and forum.
A good many of his orations weTe in dissuasion or
favour of particular laws and measures of state. By
his readiness and pertinacity, and his bitterness in
speaking, he completely wore out his adversaries (Lh. ,
33, 40), and earned the reputation of being, if not the
most eloquent, at least the most stubborn, speaker
among the Romans. Both Cicero and Livy have ex-
pressed themselves very fully on the subject of Cato's
orations. The former admits that his " language is
antiquated, and some of his phrases harsh and inele-
gant : but only change that," he continues, "which it
was not in his power to change--add number and ca-
dence--give an easier turn to his sentences, and regu-
late the structure and connexion of his words, and
you will find no one who can claim the preference to
Cato. " Livy principally speaks of the facility, asperi-
ty, and freedom of his tongue. --Of the book on mili-
tary discipline, a good deal has been incorporated into
the work of Vegetius ; and Cicero's orations may con-
sole us for the want of those of Cato. But the loss of
the seven books, De Originibus, which he commenced
in his vigorous old age, and finished just before his
death, must ever be deeply deplored by the historian
and antiquary. Cato is said to have begun to inquire
into the history, antiquities, and language of the Ro-
man people, with a view to counteract the influence
of the Greek taste introduced by the Scipios. The
first book of the valuable work, De Originibus, as we
are informed by Cornelius Nepos, in his short life of
Cato, contained the exploits of the kings of Rome.
Cato was the first author who attempted to fix the era
of the foundation of Rome, which he calculated in his
Oi-fjinrs. and determined to have been in the first year
of the 7th Olympiad, which is also the estimate fol-
lowed by Dionysius of Halicarnassus. The second
and third books treated of the origin of the different
states of Italy, whence the whole work has received
the name of Ongims. The fourth and fifth books
comprehended the history of the first and second Punic
wan; and in the two remaining books, the author ilis-
eussei the other wars of the Romans till the time of
Serrius Galba. who overthrew the Lusitanians. The
whale work exhibited great industry and learning, and,
had it descended to us, would unquestionably have
thrown much light upon the early periods of Roman
history and the antiquities of the different states of Ita-
ly. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, himself a sedulous
inquirer into antiquities, bears ample testimony to the
research and accuracy of that part which treats of the
origin of the ancient Italian cities. -- Cato was the
first of his countrymen who wrote on the subject of
medicine. ThU was done in a work entitled " Com-
menlarias quo medelur FUio, Scrxis, Familiaribus. "
In this book of domestic medicine, duck, pigeons,
and hare were the food he chiefly recommended to
the sick. His remedies were principally extracted
from herbs; and colewort or cabbage was his favour-
ite cure. (Pliny, 20, 9. ) The recipes, indeed,
contained in his work on agriculture, show that his
medical knowledge did not exceed that which usu-
ally exists among a semi-barbarous race, and only ex-
tended to the most ordinary simples which nature af-
fords-- Aulus Gellius (7, 10) mentions Cato's Libri
quecstkmum Epistolicarum; and Cicero his Apoph-
thegmata (De Officii*, 1, 29), the first example, prob-
ably, of that class of works which, under the appella-
? ? tion of Ana. became so fashionable and prevalent in
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? CATO.
CATO.
well acquainted with the tenets of this school, and ever
after remained true to its principles, pushing them even
to the extreme of austerity. His first appearance in
public was against the tribunes of the people, who
wished to remove a column of the Porcian Basilica, or
Hall of Justice, which incommoded their benches.
This Basilica had been erected by his great-grandfa-
ther the censor, and the young Cato displayed on the
occasion that powerful and commanding eloquence
which afterward rendered him so formidable to all
his opponents. His first campaign was in the war
against Spartacus, as a simple volunteer, his half-
brother Cffipio being a military tribune in the same
army; and he distinguished himself so highly, that
Gcllhis, the prstor, wished to award him a prize of
honour, which Cato, however, declined. He was
then sent as military tribune to Macedonia. There
he learned that Ctepio was lying dangerously ill at
jEnos in Thrace, and instantly embarked for that
place in a small passage-boat, notwithstanding the
roughness of the sea and the great peril which at-
tended the attempt, but only arrived at .
Knos just
liter I'icpio had breathed his last. Stoicism was here
of no avail, and the young Roman bitterly lamented
the companion of his early years. According to Plu-
tarch, there were some who condemned him for act-
ing in a way so contradictory to his philosophical prin-
ciples ; but the heavier and more unfeeling charge was
the one brought against him by Cssar, in his work en-
titled "Anti-Cato. " It was there stated, that, after
all the lavish expenditure in which Cato had indulged
in performing the funeral obsequies of Ctepio, and
after having declined repayment from the daughter
of the latter, he nevertheless passed Cajpio's ashes
through a sieve in search of the gold which might
have melted down with them! When the term of his
service in Macedonia had expired, he travelled into
Asia, and brought back with him the stoic Atheno-
dorus to Rome. He was next made quaistor, and dis-
charged with so much impartiality the duties of this
difficult office, and displayed so much integrity in its
various details, that, on the last day of his qusstor-
ship, he was escorted to his house by the whole assem-
bly of the people. So high, indeed, was the opinion
entertained by his countrymen of the purity of his
moral character, that when, at the Floral games given
by the redile Messius, Cato happened to be a specta-
tor, the people, out of respect for him, hesitated about
ordering the dancers to lay aside their vestments, ac-
cording to long-established custom, nor would they
allow this to be done until he had departed from the
theatre. (Vol. Max. , 2, 10, 8. ) When the conspira-
cy of Catiline was discovered, Cato supported by
every means in his power the acts of Cicero, and was
the first that gave him publicly the honourable title of
"Father of his Country. " Opposing after this the
ambitious movements of the first triumvirate, they
managed to have him removed to a distance, by send-
ing him out as governor of the island of Cyprus.
Having executed this trust with ability and success,
and having deposited in the treasury nearly seven
thousand talents of silver, he again took part in public
affairs at Rome, and again continued his opposition
to the triumvirate. When, however, the rupture took
place between Pompey and Cesar, he sided with the
former, and was left behind by him at Dyrrhachium
to guqrd the military chest and magazine, while he
? ? pushed on after Cssar, who had been forced to retire
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? CAT
indpnise; and hi* name has becomo a favourite
theme of panegyric in modern times, as that of the
most upright and persevering defender of the liberties
ofRome. (Plut. , Vit. Cat. Min. -- Biogr. Univ. , vol.
7, p. 405, leqq. -- Encyclop. Metropol. , Din. 3, vol. 2,
p. Ml. )--VII. M. PorciuB, son of the preceding, wan
(pared by Cesar, but led a somewhat immoral life,
until he effaced every stain upon his character by a
glorious death at Philippi. (PInt. , Vit. Cat. Min. , c.
n. )
Cirri or CHATTI (XaT-rot, Strab. --Xurr<u, Ptol. --
Catti, Tacit. -- Chatti, Plin. ), a powerful nation of
Germany, little known, however, to the Romans, since
that people, though they made some incursions into
their country, never h 1. 1 a fixed settlement therein.
Cesar knew nothing more of them than that they lived
in the vicinity of the Ubii, and that in the interior a
wood called Bacenis separated them from the Cherus-
ci. Tacitus describes them more closely, and assigns
the Dicum ' ? Agri for their southern boundary, and
the Hcrcynian forest for their eastern. The country
of the Gatti would seem to have comprehended the
territory of Hetsc and other adjacent parts. The
name Catti or Chatti, and the more modern Hasscn
and Uess\ appear to be identical. (Compare Wcnk,
Htaachen landtsgeschichte, vol. 2, p. 22. -- Man-
ner! , Gcogr. , Tol. 3, p. 183, seqq. ) A fortress of the
Catti. called Castellum, still bears the name of Cm-
id; but their capital Mattium is now Marpurg.
CITCI. LUB, Caius Valerius, a celebrated poet, born
of respectable parents in the territory of Verona, but
whether in the town so called, or on the peninsula of
Sirmio. which projects into the Lake Benacus, has been
>> subject of much controversy. The former opinion
has been maintained by MafTei (Verona llluitrala, pt.
S,c. 1) and Bayle (Diet. Hist. , art. Catullus), and the
Utter by Gyraldus (De Poet. , dial. 10), Scholl (Hiit.
Ijt. Rom. , vol. 1, p. 310), Fuhmiann (Handbuch dcr
Cltu. , vol. 1, p. 187), and most modern writers.
The precise period, as well as place, of tho birth of
Catullus, is a topic of debate and uncertainty. Ac-
cording to the Eusebian chronicle, he was born A. U. C.
686, but according to other authorities in 667 ^Saxii
OnonuLit. . vol. 1, p. 148) of 668. In consequence of an
invitation from Manlius Torquatus, one of the noblest
patricians of the state, he proceeded in early youth to
Rome, where he appears to have kept but indifferent
company, at least in point of moral character. He im-
paired his fortune so much by his extravagance, that
he complains he had no one
"Fractum qui veteris pedem grabati,
In collo nbi collocarc possit. "
This, however, must partly have been written in
jest, as his finances were always sufficient to allow
him to keep up a delicious villa on the peninsula of
Sirmio, and an expensive residence at Tibur. With
a view of improving his pecuniary circumstances, he
adopted the usual Roman mode of re-establishing a
diminished fortune, and accompanied Caius Memmi-
D3, the celebrated patron of Lucretius, to Bithynia,
where he was appointed prtelor to that province. His
situation, however, was but little meliorated by this
expedition, and. in the course of it, he lost a beloved
brother who was along with him, and whose death was
lamented in verses never surpassed in delicacy or pa-
thos. He came back to Rome with a shattered con-
stitution and a lacerated heart. From the period of
his return to Italy to his decease, his time appears to
? ? have been chiefly occupied with the prosecution of li-
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? CAU
es to himself are all Greek; and even in the versifica-
tion of his odes we sec visible traces of their origin.
Nevertheless, he was the inventor of a new species of
Latin poetry; and as he was the first who used such
variety of measures, and perhaps invented some that
were new, he was amply entitled to call the poetical
volume which he presented to Cornelius Nepos Lepi-
dum Novum Libetlum. The beautiful expressions,
too, and idioms of the Greek language, which he has
so carefully selected, are woven with such art into the
texture of his composition, and bo aptly paint the im-
passioned ideas of his amorous muse, that they have
all the fresh and untarnished hues of originality. --The
best editions of Catullus are, that of Vulpius, Palav. ,
4to, 1737, and that of Doling, Lips. , 8vo, 1788, rc-
Erinted in London, 1820. The works of this poet
ave also been frequently edited in conjunction with
those of Tibullus and Propertius, of which the best
edition is perhaps that of Morell, Paris, fol. , 1604.
(Bdhr, Gesch. Horn. Lit. , vol. 1, p. 253, seqq. --
Sehbll, Hist. Lit. Rom. , vol. 1, p. 236, 310, scqq. --
Ellon's Specimens, vol. 2, p. 31. --Dunlop, Rom. Lit. ,
vol. 1, p. 454, seqq. )
Catulus, Q. Lutatius, I. a Roman naval com-
mander, famous for his victory over the fleet of the
Carthaginians, consisting of 400 sail, oil" the Mgates
Insula. ; forty of the Carthaginian vessels were sunk,
seventy taken, and the remainder dispersed. This
celebrated victory put an end to the first Punic war.
(Vid. iEgates Insula'. )--II. A celebrated Roman, the
colleague of Marius in the consulship, and who jointly
triumphed with him over the Cimbri. He was con-
demned to death by Marius, during the tyrannical sway
of the latter, and suffocated himself in a newly-plaster-
ed room by the steam of a large fire. (Plut. , Vit. Mar.
--Veil. Paterc, 2, 22. )
Caturioes, a Gallic nation, dwelling among the
Cottian Alps. (Plin. , 3, 20. ) Their capital was Ca-
turiga, traces of which are found, according to D'An-
ville, at Charges, between Gap and Embrun, in the
department des Hautes-Alpes. (Lemaire, hid. Geogr.
ad Ctts. , p. 228, seq. )
Caucasus, the name of the highest and most exten-
sive range of mountains in the northern part of Asia,
and which the ancients erroneously considered as a
continuation of the chain of Taurus. According to
Strabo, it extended from the Euxine to the Caspian
Sea. It divided Albania and Iberia towards the south,
from the level country of the Sarmatss on the north.
The inhabitants of these mountains formed, according
to some, seventy, and according to others, 300 different
nations, who spoke various languages, and lived in a
savage state. The breadth of this chain, according to
the best Russian authorities, is about 400 miles be-
tween the mouth of the Don and Kooma; about 756
between the straits of Caffa and the peninsula of Ap-
sheron; and about 350 between the mouths of the
Phasis and the city of Derbend. The etymology of
the name of Caucasus, so celebrated in history and
poetry, is not agreed upon; the most probable opinion
is that which connects it with the Asi, the early divin-
ities of Asia. (Vid. Asi. ) The range of Caucasus
cannot be compared with the Alps in point of eleva-
tion, though in resemblance it may, as the middle of
the chain is covered with glaciers, or white with eter-
nal snows. The highest summit is only 5900 feet
above the level of the Black Sea. The two principal
passages of Caucasus are mentioned by the ancients
? ? under the name of the Caucasian and Albanian gates.
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? CEB
JlfiMor, vol. 2, p. 193, aeqq. ) The figs of this place
were famous. Cicero (rfc Dm. , 2, 4) mentions the cry
of a person who sold Caunian figs at Brundisium, as
t bad omen against Crassus when setting out, at the
time, on his Parthian expedition. The cry of the fig-
Tender was Can neat (supply Jicut erne, or vendo), and
this to a Roman ear would sound very much like cave
v MI, pronounced rapidly, that is, like caw' n' cos,
the fetter << being sounded by the Romans like u.
(S'. knadcr, L. G. , vol. 1, p. 357, teqq. )
CivsTER or CAYSTIUJS, a rapid river of Asia, rising
in Lyilia, and, after a meandering course, falling into
the igean Sea near Ephesus. Near its mouth it
formed a marsh called Asia Palta, or the Asian marsh,
and the same with the 'Aerio^ ,'; nnjr of Homer, much
frequented by swans and other water-fowl. The
Cayster is now called the Kitchik Minder, or Little
Meander, from its winding course. (Plin. , 5, 29. --
S<ra*. , 648.
? ? Cataohia, a tract of country in the southern part
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? CATILINA.
CATILINA.
near Rome, and even Rome itself. At the same time
he numbered among his adherents not only the worst
and lowest of the riotous populace, but also many of
the patricians and men of consular rank. Everything
favoured his audacious scheme. Pompey was pursu-
ing the victories which Lucullus had prepared for him,
and the latter was but a feeble supporter of the patriots
in the senate, who wished him, but in vain, to put
himself at their head. Crassus, who had delivered It-
aly from the gladiators, was now striving with mad
eagerness after power and riches, and, instead of op-
flosing, countenanced the growing influence of Cati-
ine, as a means of his own aggrandizement. Caesar,
who was labouring to revive the party of Marius, spared
Catiline, and, perhaps, even encouraged him. Only two
Romans remained determined to uphold their falling
country--Cato and Cicero; the latter of whom alone
possessed the qualifications necessary for the task.
The conspirators were now planning the elevation of
Catiline and one of his accomplices to the consulship.
When this was effected, they hoped to obtain possession
of the public treasures and the property of the citizens,
under various pretexts, and especially by means of pro-
scription. It is not probable, however, that Catiline
had promised them the liberty of burning and plunder-
ing Rome. Cicero had the courage to stand candi-
date for the consulship, in spite of the impending dan-
ger, of the extent of which he was perfectly aware.
Neither insults nor threats, nor even riots and attempts
to assassinate him, deterred him from his purpose;
and, being supported by the rich citizens, he gained
his election, B. C. 65. All that the party of Catiline
could accomplish was the election of Caius Antonius,
one of their accomplices, as colleague of Cicero. This
failure, however, did not deprive Catiline of the hope
of gaining the consulship the following year. For
this purpose he redoubled the measures of terror, by
means of which he had laid the foundation of his pow-
er. Meanwhile he had lost some of the most impor-
tant members of his conspiracy. Antony had been
prevailed upon or compelled by Cicero to remain neu-
tral. Cesar and Crassus had resolved to do the same.
Piso had been killed in Spain. Italy, however, was
destitute of troops. The veterans of Sylla only waited
the signal to take up arms. This signal was now
given by Catiline. The centurion Manlius appeared
among them, and formed a camp in Etruria. Cicero
was on the watch, and a fortunate accident disclosed
to him the counsels of the conspirators. One of them,
Curius, was on intimate terms with a woman of doubt-
ful reputation, Fulvia by name, and had acquainted
her with their plans. Through this woman Cicero
learned that two knights had undertaken to assassi-
nate him at his house. On the day which they had
fixed for the execution of their plan, they found his
doors barred and guarded. Still Cicero delayed to
make public the circumstances of a conspiracy, the
progress and resources of which he wished first to as-
certain. He contented himself with warning his fel-
low-citizens, in general terms, of the impending dan-
ger. But when the insurrection of Manlius was made
known, he procured the passage of the celebrated de-
cree, "that the consuls should take care that the re-
public received no detriment. " By a decree of this
kind, the consuls or other magistrates named therein
were, in accordance with the custom of the state,
armed with the supreme civil and military authority. '
? ? It was exceedingly difficult to seize the person of one
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? C AT
cause of the aristocracy, yet the chance of resisting
him was not so hopeless as to dismay a set of despe-
rate conspirators, -who, in their calculations, would
have been well contented if the probability of their
failure was only a little greater than that of their suc-
cess. (SnU. , BcU. Cat. --Cic. , Or. in Cat. , 1, &c. --
U, pro Muran. , e. 85. --Sneyclop. Amer. , vol. 3, p.
3, teqq. --Encyclop. JHetropol. , Dm. 3, vol. 2, p. 176,
CITILI. CS or CATILDS. Vid. Tibur.
CATIUS, M. a fictitious name in Horace (Scrm. , 2,
4), under which the poet' alludes to an entire class of
persons, who abused the genuine doctrines of Epicu-
rus, and made a large portion of human felicity con-
sist in the pleasures of the table. According to Manso
(Schri/ten und Abhandlungen, p. 59), Catins appears
to have had for his prototype one Malius, a Roman
knight, famed for his acquaintance with the precepts
of the culinary art. (Consult Heindorf, ad Horal. , I. c. )
--The scholiast cited by Cruquius makes Catius to
have been an Epicurean, and to have written on " the
Nature ofThings," and " the Sovereign Good. " With
this account Acron and Porphyrion agree. Cicero,
moreover, speaks of the Epicurean Catius, from lu. su-
bria, as of a writer who had died only a short time pre-
vious. (Cic. , Ep. ad fam. . , 15, 16. --Compare Quin-
td. , 10, 1. ) Still, however, the explanation we have
given suits better the spirit of Horace's satire; and,
besides, Catius had died some tune before, and was
almost entirely forgotten. (Hetndorf, I. c. )
CATO, a surname of the Porcian family, rendered
illustrious by M. Porcius Cato, a celebrated Roman,
rimamed Censorius, in allusion to the severity with
which he discharged the office of a censor, and hence
commonly styled, at the present day, " Cato the Cen-
? or. " Other surnames were, Priscus, " the old. " and
Major, '? the elder," both alluding to his having pre-
ceded, in the order of time, the younger Cato, who
committed suicide at Utica. The subject of the pres-
ent sketch was bom 232 B. C. , at Tusculum, of ple-
beian parents. His family were in very moderate cir-
cumstances, and little, if anything, was known of it,
until he himself made the name a conspicuous one.
His father left him a small farm in the Sabine terri-
tory, and here the first years of his youth were spent.
The state of public affairs, however, soon compelled
him to take up arms for the defence of his country.
The second Punic war had broken out, and Hannibal
had invaded Italy. Cato, therefore, served his first
campaign at the age of seventeen, under Fabius Maxi-
mus, when he besieged the city of Capua. Five.
years after this he fought under the same commander
at the siege of Tarentum, and, after the capture of this
place, became acquainted with the Pythagorean Near-
chus, who initiated him into the principles of that
system of philosophy, with which, in practice, he had
already become familiar. The war being ended, Cato
returned to hia farm. Near this there stood a cot-
tage belonging to Manius Corius Dentatus, who had
repeatedly triumphed over the Sabines and Samnites,
and had at length driven Pyrrhus from Italy. Cato was
accustomed frequently to walk over to the humble
abode of this renowned commander, where he was
struck with admiration at the frugality of its owner,
and the skilful management of the farm which was
attached to it. Hence it became his great object to
emulate his illustrious neighbour, and adopt him as his
mode! . Having made an estimate of his house, lands,
riaves, and expenses, he applied himself to husbandry
? ? with new ardour, and retrenched all superfluity. In
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? CATO.
CATO.
cius Scipio, and expelled Manilius from fne sbnate for
saluting his wife at what Cato deemed an improper
time. Still, however, most of his proceedings when
censor indicate a man who aimed, by every method,
at keeping up the true spirit of earlier days. Hence,
though his measures, while holding this office, caused
liini some obloquy and opposition, they met in the end
with the highest applause, and, when he resigned the
censorship, the-people erected a statue to him in the
temple of Health, with an honourable inscription, tes-
tifying his faithful discharge of the duties of his of-
fice. Cato's attachment to the old Roman morals
was still more plainly seen in his opposition to Car-
neades and his colleagues, when he persuaded the sen-
ate to send back these philosophers, without delay, to
their own schools, through fear lest the Roman youth
should lose their martial character in the pursuit of
Grecian learning. The whole political career of Cato
was one continued warfare. He was continually ac-
cusing others, or made the subject of accusation him-
self. Livy, although full of admiration for his charac-
ter, still does not seek to deny, that Cato was sus-
pected of having excited the accusation brought against
Scipio Africanus, which compelled that illustrious man
to retire from the capital. He was also the means of
the condemnation of Scipio Asiaticus, who would
have been dragged to prison had not Tiberius Grac-
chus generously interfered. As for Cato himself,
he was fifty times accused and as often acquitted.
He was eighty-five years of age when ho saw himself
compelled to answer the last accusation brought against
him, and the exordium of his speech on that occasion
was marked by a peculiar and touching simplicity: "It
is a hard thing, Romans, to give an account of one's
conduct before the men of an age different from that
in which one has himself lived. "--The last act of Ca-
to's public life was his embassy to Carthage, to settle
the dispute between the Carthaginians and King Mas-
sinissa. This voyage of his is rendered famous in his-
tory, since to it has been attributed the destruction of
Carthage. In fact, struck by the rapid recovery of
this city from the loss it had sustained, Cato ever af-
ter ended every speech of his with the well-known
words, " Pratcrea censco Carthagmem esse delcndam"
(" I am also of opinion that Carthage ought to be de-
stroyed"). Whatever we may think of his patriotism
in this, we certainly cannot admire his political saga-
city, since the ruin of Carthage, by removing all dread
of a once powerful rival, only tended to accelerate
the downfall of Roman freedom itself. Cato died a
year after his return from this embassy, in the eighty-
fifth year of his age. --Although frugal of the public
revenues, he does not appear to have been indifferent
to riches, nor to have neglected the ordinary means of
acquiring them; nay, if Plutarch speaks truly, some
of the modes to which he had recourso for increasing
his resources were anything but reputable. Towards
the end of his life he was fond of indulging in a cheer-
ful glass, and of inviting daily some of his neighbours
to sup with him at his villa; and the conversation
on these occasions turned, not, as one might have sup-
posed, chiefly on rural affairs, hut on the praises of
great and excellent men among the Romans. He was
twice married, and had a son by each of his wives.
His conduct as a husband and father was equally ex-
emplary. --Cato may be taken as a specimen of the
Sabino-Samnite character. If his life be regarded as
? ? that of a mere private man, it offers only acerbity and
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? CATO.
would be highly interesting, as proceeding from one
who was equally distinguished in the camp and forum.
A good many of his orations weTe in dissuasion or
favour of particular laws and measures of state. By
his readiness and pertinacity, and his bitterness in
speaking, he completely wore out his adversaries (Lh. ,
33, 40), and earned the reputation of being, if not the
most eloquent, at least the most stubborn, speaker
among the Romans. Both Cicero and Livy have ex-
pressed themselves very fully on the subject of Cato's
orations. The former admits that his " language is
antiquated, and some of his phrases harsh and inele-
gant : but only change that," he continues, "which it
was not in his power to change--add number and ca-
dence--give an easier turn to his sentences, and regu-
late the structure and connexion of his words, and
you will find no one who can claim the preference to
Cato. " Livy principally speaks of the facility, asperi-
ty, and freedom of his tongue. --Of the book on mili-
tary discipline, a good deal has been incorporated into
the work of Vegetius ; and Cicero's orations may con-
sole us for the want of those of Cato. But the loss of
the seven books, De Originibus, which he commenced
in his vigorous old age, and finished just before his
death, must ever be deeply deplored by the historian
and antiquary. Cato is said to have begun to inquire
into the history, antiquities, and language of the Ro-
man people, with a view to counteract the influence
of the Greek taste introduced by the Scipios. The
first book of the valuable work, De Originibus, as we
are informed by Cornelius Nepos, in his short life of
Cato, contained the exploits of the kings of Rome.
Cato was the first author who attempted to fix the era
of the foundation of Rome, which he calculated in his
Oi-fjinrs. and determined to have been in the first year
of the 7th Olympiad, which is also the estimate fol-
lowed by Dionysius of Halicarnassus. The second
and third books treated of the origin of the different
states of Italy, whence the whole work has received
the name of Ongims. The fourth and fifth books
comprehended the history of the first and second Punic
wan; and in the two remaining books, the author ilis-
eussei the other wars of the Romans till the time of
Serrius Galba. who overthrew the Lusitanians. The
whale work exhibited great industry and learning, and,
had it descended to us, would unquestionably have
thrown much light upon the early periods of Roman
history and the antiquities of the different states of Ita-
ly. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, himself a sedulous
inquirer into antiquities, bears ample testimony to the
research and accuracy of that part which treats of the
origin of the ancient Italian cities. -- Cato was the
first of his countrymen who wrote on the subject of
medicine. ThU was done in a work entitled " Com-
menlarias quo medelur FUio, Scrxis, Familiaribus. "
In this book of domestic medicine, duck, pigeons,
and hare were the food he chiefly recommended to
the sick. His remedies were principally extracted
from herbs; and colewort or cabbage was his favour-
ite cure. (Pliny, 20, 9. ) The recipes, indeed,
contained in his work on agriculture, show that his
medical knowledge did not exceed that which usu-
ally exists among a semi-barbarous race, and only ex-
tended to the most ordinary simples which nature af-
fords-- Aulus Gellius (7, 10) mentions Cato's Libri
quecstkmum Epistolicarum; and Cicero his Apoph-
thegmata (De Officii*, 1, 29), the first example, prob-
ably, of that class of works which, under the appella-
? ? tion of Ana. became so fashionable and prevalent in
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? CATO.
CATO.
well acquainted with the tenets of this school, and ever
after remained true to its principles, pushing them even
to the extreme of austerity. His first appearance in
public was against the tribunes of the people, who
wished to remove a column of the Porcian Basilica, or
Hall of Justice, which incommoded their benches.
This Basilica had been erected by his great-grandfa-
ther the censor, and the young Cato displayed on the
occasion that powerful and commanding eloquence
which afterward rendered him so formidable to all
his opponents. His first campaign was in the war
against Spartacus, as a simple volunteer, his half-
brother Cffipio being a military tribune in the same
army; and he distinguished himself so highly, that
Gcllhis, the prstor, wished to award him a prize of
honour, which Cato, however, declined. He was
then sent as military tribune to Macedonia. There
he learned that Ctepio was lying dangerously ill at
jEnos in Thrace, and instantly embarked for that
place in a small passage-boat, notwithstanding the
roughness of the sea and the great peril which at-
tended the attempt, but only arrived at .
Knos just
liter I'icpio had breathed his last. Stoicism was here
of no avail, and the young Roman bitterly lamented
the companion of his early years. According to Plu-
tarch, there were some who condemned him for act-
ing in a way so contradictory to his philosophical prin-
ciples ; but the heavier and more unfeeling charge was
the one brought against him by Cssar, in his work en-
titled "Anti-Cato. " It was there stated, that, after
all the lavish expenditure in which Cato had indulged
in performing the funeral obsequies of Ctepio, and
after having declined repayment from the daughter
of the latter, he nevertheless passed Cajpio's ashes
through a sieve in search of the gold which might
have melted down with them! When the term of his
service in Macedonia had expired, he travelled into
Asia, and brought back with him the stoic Atheno-
dorus to Rome. He was next made quaistor, and dis-
charged with so much impartiality the duties of this
difficult office, and displayed so much integrity in its
various details, that, on the last day of his qusstor-
ship, he was escorted to his house by the whole assem-
bly of the people. So high, indeed, was the opinion
entertained by his countrymen of the purity of his
moral character, that when, at the Floral games given
by the redile Messius, Cato happened to be a specta-
tor, the people, out of respect for him, hesitated about
ordering the dancers to lay aside their vestments, ac-
cording to long-established custom, nor would they
allow this to be done until he had departed from the
theatre. (Vol. Max. , 2, 10, 8. ) When the conspira-
cy of Catiline was discovered, Cato supported by
every means in his power the acts of Cicero, and was
the first that gave him publicly the honourable title of
"Father of his Country. " Opposing after this the
ambitious movements of the first triumvirate, they
managed to have him removed to a distance, by send-
ing him out as governor of the island of Cyprus.
Having executed this trust with ability and success,
and having deposited in the treasury nearly seven
thousand talents of silver, he again took part in public
affairs at Rome, and again continued his opposition
to the triumvirate. When, however, the rupture took
place between Pompey and Cesar, he sided with the
former, and was left behind by him at Dyrrhachium
to guqrd the military chest and magazine, while he
? ? pushed on after Cssar, who had been forced to retire
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? CAT
indpnise; and hi* name has becomo a favourite
theme of panegyric in modern times, as that of the
most upright and persevering defender of the liberties
ofRome. (Plut. , Vit. Cat. Min. -- Biogr. Univ. , vol.
7, p. 405, leqq. -- Encyclop. Metropol. , Din. 3, vol. 2,
p. Ml. )--VII. M. PorciuB, son of the preceding, wan
(pared by Cesar, but led a somewhat immoral life,
until he effaced every stain upon his character by a
glorious death at Philippi. (PInt. , Vit. Cat. Min. , c.
n. )
Cirri or CHATTI (XaT-rot, Strab. --Xurr<u, Ptol. --
Catti, Tacit. -- Chatti, Plin. ), a powerful nation of
Germany, little known, however, to the Romans, since
that people, though they made some incursions into
their country, never h 1. 1 a fixed settlement therein.
Cesar knew nothing more of them than that they lived
in the vicinity of the Ubii, and that in the interior a
wood called Bacenis separated them from the Cherus-
ci. Tacitus describes them more closely, and assigns
the Dicum ' ? Agri for their southern boundary, and
the Hcrcynian forest for their eastern. The country
of the Gatti would seem to have comprehended the
territory of Hetsc and other adjacent parts. The
name Catti or Chatti, and the more modern Hasscn
and Uess\ appear to be identical. (Compare Wcnk,
Htaachen landtsgeschichte, vol. 2, p. 22. -- Man-
ner! , Gcogr. , Tol. 3, p. 183, seqq. ) A fortress of the
Catti. called Castellum, still bears the name of Cm-
id; but their capital Mattium is now Marpurg.
CITCI. LUB, Caius Valerius, a celebrated poet, born
of respectable parents in the territory of Verona, but
whether in the town so called, or on the peninsula of
Sirmio. which projects into the Lake Benacus, has been
>> subject of much controversy. The former opinion
has been maintained by MafTei (Verona llluitrala, pt.
S,c. 1) and Bayle (Diet. Hist. , art. Catullus), and the
Utter by Gyraldus (De Poet. , dial. 10), Scholl (Hiit.
Ijt. Rom. , vol. 1, p. 310), Fuhmiann (Handbuch dcr
Cltu. , vol. 1, p. 187), and most modern writers.
The precise period, as well as place, of tho birth of
Catullus, is a topic of debate and uncertainty. Ac-
cording to the Eusebian chronicle, he was born A. U. C.
686, but according to other authorities in 667 ^Saxii
OnonuLit. . vol. 1, p. 148) of 668. In consequence of an
invitation from Manlius Torquatus, one of the noblest
patricians of the state, he proceeded in early youth to
Rome, where he appears to have kept but indifferent
company, at least in point of moral character. He im-
paired his fortune so much by his extravagance, that
he complains he had no one
"Fractum qui veteris pedem grabati,
In collo nbi collocarc possit. "
This, however, must partly have been written in
jest, as his finances were always sufficient to allow
him to keep up a delicious villa on the peninsula of
Sirmio, and an expensive residence at Tibur. With
a view of improving his pecuniary circumstances, he
adopted the usual Roman mode of re-establishing a
diminished fortune, and accompanied Caius Memmi-
D3, the celebrated patron of Lucretius, to Bithynia,
where he was appointed prtelor to that province. His
situation, however, was but little meliorated by this
expedition, and. in the course of it, he lost a beloved
brother who was along with him, and whose death was
lamented in verses never surpassed in delicacy or pa-
thos. He came back to Rome with a shattered con-
stitution and a lacerated heart. From the period of
his return to Italy to his decease, his time appears to
? ? have been chiefly occupied with the prosecution of li-
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? CAU
es to himself are all Greek; and even in the versifica-
tion of his odes we sec visible traces of their origin.
Nevertheless, he was the inventor of a new species of
Latin poetry; and as he was the first who used such
variety of measures, and perhaps invented some that
were new, he was amply entitled to call the poetical
volume which he presented to Cornelius Nepos Lepi-
dum Novum Libetlum. The beautiful expressions,
too, and idioms of the Greek language, which he has
so carefully selected, are woven with such art into the
texture of his composition, and bo aptly paint the im-
passioned ideas of his amorous muse, that they have
all the fresh and untarnished hues of originality. --The
best editions of Catullus are, that of Vulpius, Palav. ,
4to, 1737, and that of Doling, Lips. , 8vo, 1788, rc-
Erinted in London, 1820. The works of this poet
ave also been frequently edited in conjunction with
those of Tibullus and Propertius, of which the best
edition is perhaps that of Morell, Paris, fol. , 1604.
(Bdhr, Gesch. Horn. Lit. , vol. 1, p. 253, seqq. --
Sehbll, Hist. Lit. Rom. , vol. 1, p. 236, 310, scqq. --
Ellon's Specimens, vol. 2, p. 31. --Dunlop, Rom. Lit. ,
vol. 1, p. 454, seqq. )
Catulus, Q. Lutatius, I. a Roman naval com-
mander, famous for his victory over the fleet of the
Carthaginians, consisting of 400 sail, oil" the Mgates
Insula. ; forty of the Carthaginian vessels were sunk,
seventy taken, and the remainder dispersed. This
celebrated victory put an end to the first Punic war.
(Vid. iEgates Insula'. )--II. A celebrated Roman, the
colleague of Marius in the consulship, and who jointly
triumphed with him over the Cimbri. He was con-
demned to death by Marius, during the tyrannical sway
of the latter, and suffocated himself in a newly-plaster-
ed room by the steam of a large fire. (Plut. , Vit. Mar.
--Veil. Paterc, 2, 22. )
Caturioes, a Gallic nation, dwelling among the
Cottian Alps. (Plin. , 3, 20. ) Their capital was Ca-
turiga, traces of which are found, according to D'An-
ville, at Charges, between Gap and Embrun, in the
department des Hautes-Alpes. (Lemaire, hid. Geogr.
ad Ctts. , p. 228, seq. )
Caucasus, the name of the highest and most exten-
sive range of mountains in the northern part of Asia,
and which the ancients erroneously considered as a
continuation of the chain of Taurus. According to
Strabo, it extended from the Euxine to the Caspian
Sea. It divided Albania and Iberia towards the south,
from the level country of the Sarmatss on the north.
The inhabitants of these mountains formed, according
to some, seventy, and according to others, 300 different
nations, who spoke various languages, and lived in a
savage state. The breadth of this chain, according to
the best Russian authorities, is about 400 miles be-
tween the mouth of the Don and Kooma; about 756
between the straits of Caffa and the peninsula of Ap-
sheron; and about 350 between the mouths of the
Phasis and the city of Derbend. The etymology of
the name of Caucasus, so celebrated in history and
poetry, is not agreed upon; the most probable opinion
is that which connects it with the Asi, the early divin-
ities of Asia. (Vid. Asi. ) The range of Caucasus
cannot be compared with the Alps in point of eleva-
tion, though in resemblance it may, as the middle of
the chain is covered with glaciers, or white with eter-
nal snows. The highest summit is only 5900 feet
above the level of the Black Sea. The two principal
passages of Caucasus are mentioned by the ancients
? ? under the name of the Caucasian and Albanian gates.
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? CEB
JlfiMor, vol. 2, p. 193, aeqq. ) The figs of this place
were famous. Cicero (rfc Dm. , 2, 4) mentions the cry
of a person who sold Caunian figs at Brundisium, as
t bad omen against Crassus when setting out, at the
time, on his Parthian expedition. The cry of the fig-
Tender was Can neat (supply Jicut erne, or vendo), and
this to a Roman ear would sound very much like cave
v MI, pronounced rapidly, that is, like caw' n' cos,
the fetter << being sounded by the Romans like u.
(S'. knadcr, L. G. , vol. 1, p. 357, teqq. )
CivsTER or CAYSTIUJS, a rapid river of Asia, rising
in Lyilia, and, after a meandering course, falling into
the igean Sea near Ephesus. Near its mouth it
formed a marsh called Asia Palta, or the Asian marsh,
and the same with the 'Aerio^ ,'; nnjr of Homer, much
frequented by swans and other water-fowl. The
Cayster is now called the Kitchik Minder, or Little
Meander, from its winding course. (Plin. , 5, 29. --
S<ra*. , 648.
