" The appellation
is probably an assumed one, as well as the title he
gives himself of " Secretary to the rhetorician Athcn-
agoras.
is probably an assumed one, as well as the title he
gives himself of " Secretary to the rhetorician Athcn-
agoras.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
ext.
,
vol. 2, p. 77, scqq. )--The Chaldeans appear to have
been originally a mountaineer-race from the northern
parts of Mesopotamia, though not, as Michaelis sup-
poses, of foreign extraction, but in reality a branch of
the Semitic race. (Compare Adelung, Mtthradatcs,
vol. 1, p. 517. -- Fiirst, Chald. Gram. , p. 5, seqq. --
Compare still farther, in relation to the Chaldce
tongue, the remarks of Saint-Martin, as cited by Bal-
bi, Introduction a I'Atlas Ethnographique, p. 106,
and, as regards the pretended antiquity of the Chaldee
empire, consult Cutter, on the Revolutions of the Sur-
face of the Globe, p. 127, seqq. , Eng. transl. , 1829,
and DrummoniFs Origines, vol. 1, p. 13, seqq. ) Tho
Chaldreans arc highly commended in many of the an-
cient writers for their skill in the sciences, especially
in astronomy. If we are to believe Diodorus, how-
ever, their claims to this high character were very
slight. They seem to have pursued the study of as-
tronomy no farther than as it might tend to aid their
astrological researches. They taught that the shape
of the earth was that of a skirl* or small boat, and of
eclipses of the sun they knew but little, and never
ventured to predict them, or fix the time of their oc-
curring. So says Diodorus. (Diod. Sic. , 2, 31. --
Compare, however, in relation to the science of the
Chaldeans, the remarks of Sir W. Drummond, Class.
Journ. , vol. 16, p. 145 and 262; vol. 17, p. 19; vol.
18, p. 1 and 298; vol. 19. p. 296 )
Chald. *i, I. the inhabitants of Chaldea. --II. The
same with the Chalybes. (Vtd. Chalybes. )
Chalybes, a people of Pontus, in Asia Minor, who
inhabited the whole coast from the Jasonium Promon-
torium to the vicinity of the river Thermodon, to-
gether with a portion of the inner country. They
were celebrated in antiquity for the great iron-mines
and forges which existed in their country. (Apoll.
Rh. , 2, 1002, seqq. --Id. , 2, 374. -- Virg. , Georg. , 1,
58. -- Dwnys. Pcricg. , 768. ) We arc ignorant of
the grounds on which the ancients attributed this ac-
tive employment in the manufacture of iron to the
Chalybes, for it does not appear at present that this
part of Asia is at all productive of that most useful
metal; perhaps, however, if the mountainous districts
were accurately examined, there could be found traces
of the ancient works. It is plain, however, that they
had not ceased to furnish a good supply of metallic
ore in Strabo's time, for he observes, that the two
great articles of produce in the land of the Chalybes,
who were then commonly called Chaldu'i or Chaldi,
were the fisheries of the pelamys and the iron-works;
the latter kept in constant employment a great num-
ber of men. Strabo observes, also, that these mines
formerly produced a quantity of silver; and this cir-
cumstance, together with some affinity in the names,
? ? led some commentators of Homer to identify the Aly-
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? ? CHA
<<. >>. Xaovia. ) Virgil uses the epithet Chaonius for
Dfdonaws (dears? . , 1, 8) in referring to the acorns of
Dodona. (Cramer's Anc. Grace, vol. 1, p. 93. )
Chaos, a heterogeneous mass, containing all the
seeds of nature. According to Hesiod (Theog. , 116),
"Chaos waa first ;'* then came into being "broad-
breasted Earth, the gloomy Tartarus, and Love. "
Chaos produced Erebus and Night, and this last bore
to Erebus Day and --Ether. The idea of Chaos and
Night, divested of poetical imagery,is simply that of un-
formed matter, eternally existing as the passive princi-
ple, whence all forms are produced. Whether, besides
this Chaotic mass, the ancient theogonies suppose an
infinite, active, intelligent Principle, who from the
first matter formed the universe, is a question which
has occasioned much debate. It is evident, upon the
most cursory review of all the ancient theogonies, that
God, the great Creator of all things, is not expressly
introduced, but it is doubted whether the framers of
these theogonies meant to exclude him from their re-
spective systems, or indirectly to suppose his exist-
ence and the exertion of his power in giving motion to
matter. When divested of allegory and poetry, the
sum of the doctrine contained in the ancient theogo-
nies will, it is conceived, be found to be as follows:
The first matter, containing the seeds of all future
beine. existed from eternity with God. At length
the Divine energy acting upon matter produced a mo-
tion among its parts, by which those of the same kind
were brought together, and those of a different kind
were separated, and by which, according to certain
wise laws, the various forms of the material world
were produced. The same energy of emanation gave
existence to animals and men, and to gods who in-
habit the heavenly bodies, and various other parts of
nature. Among men, those who possess a larger por-
tion of the Divine nature than others are hereby im-
pelled to great and beneficent actions, and afford illus-
trious proofs of their divine original, on account of
which they are, after death, raised to a place among
the gods, and become objects of religious worship.
(Enfield's Hist, of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 130, seqq. )
Chabadra, a town of Phocis, about 20 stadia from
Lilca. Near it flowed the river Charadrus, which fell
into the Cephissus. Herodotus (8, 33) names this
place among the Phocian cities destroyed by the army
of Xerxes. Dodwcll states, that the ruins of Chara-
dra are to be seen near the village of Mariolutcx. at
the foot of Parnassus. (DodvscU's Tour, vol. 2, p. 132. )
Charax, I. a considerable emporium of Bithynia,
in the later periods of the Byzantine empire. It was
situate on the bay of Nicomedia, or Sinus Astacenus.
(Steph. Bys. , s. v. Xtipa? . )--II. Another and earlier
name for the city of Tralles, in Lydia. (Stcph. Byz. ,
s. v. TpaWkig, Xupaz )--III. A town of Phrygia, be-
tween Lampe and Graosgala. (Nicet. , Ann. , p. 127,
6. )--rV. A town of Armenia Minor, in the northeast-
ern angle of the country. (Ptol. --Compare Cramer,
Asia Mtnor, vol. 2, p. 154. )
Chabaxts, a Mytilenean, brother to Sappho. ( Vid.
Sappho, near the commencement of the article. )
Chares, I. an Athenian general, who succeeded to
the command after the condemnation and death of
Leosthenes. He was sent by the Athenians against
Alexander, tyrant of Pheras, but, instead of coming to
action with the foe, he harassed the Athenian allies to
such a degree by his extortions and oppression, that
the social war was the result (B. C. 388). Although
? ? Chares was the principal cause of this war, yet the
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? CHA
CHA
are graceful and beautiful themselves, and the bestow-
ers of all grace and beauty both on persons and things.
They seem to have been particularly attached to the
train of the goddess of love, although the queen of
heaven had authority over them (It. , 14, 267); and
she promises Pasithea, one of the youngest of them,
as a wife to Somnus, in return for his aid in deceiving
Jupiter: by later writers she is even said to be their
mother. (Nonnus, 31, 184. -- Eudocia, ap. Vitlois. ,
Anecd. Gr. , vol. 1, p. 430. ) Orchomenus, in Boeotia,
was the chief seat of the worship of these goddesses.
Its introduction was ascribed to Etcocles, the son of
the river Cephissus. The Lacedaemonians worship-
ped only two Graces, whom they name Cleta (Re-
nowned) and Phaenna (Bright), as we are informed
by Pausanias (/. c, el 3. 18, 6). The Athenians ori-
ginally adored the same number, under the names of
Hegcmone (Leader) and Auxo (Incrcaser). The
Graces were at all times, in the creed of Greece, tho
goddesses presiding over social enjoyments, the ban-
quet, the dance, and all that tended to inspire gayety
and cheerfulness. They are represented as three
beautiful sisters, either dancing together, or standing
with their arms around each other. Somctimos they
are nude, sometimes habited. (Keightley's Mythol-
ogy, p. 192, seq. )-- The Graces, like the Horse and
Muses, appear to have had originally a reference to
the stars and seasons. The Greeks deprived them
of their astronomical functions, and substituted such
attributes as were merely of a poetic character. We
still see, however, on an ancient gem, the Graces dan-
cing upon the head of Taurus, while two of them are
turning towards seven stars, at which they point with
the hand. (Bortoni, Collect. Anliq. Rom. , fol. 1736,
n. 82. -- Passerat, Thesaur. gemm. astrifcr. , 1, tab.
144. ) At a later period, when moral ideas began to
be more intimately blended with parts of the Grecian
system, the Graces assumed analogous attributes.
One of them was supposed to represent a favour con-
ferred, another a favour received, while the third des-
ignated the return made for benefits. (Artstot. , Eth. ,
5, 8. -- Sencc. , dc Bencf. , 1, 3. -- Constant, de la Reli-
gion, vol. 2, p. 402. --Winckelmann, Essai sur I'Al-
legoric, c. 2. --Traites sur VAllegoric, vol. 1, p. 132. )
Chariton, of Aphrodisias (a Carian town), the
name by which wc know the author of a Greek ro-
mance, entitled Tuv rrcpl Xaipiav nal KaMi/S/Soi/v
ipuTLKuv iiriyjinaTuv Xoyoi q: "The Loves of Chffi-
rcas and Gallirhoe, in eight books.
" The appellation
is probably an assumed one, as well as the title he
gives himself of " Secretary to the rhetorician Athcn-
agoras. " This rhetorician is supposed by some to be
the same with the one of whom Thucydidcs makes
mention (6, 35, scqq. ) as enjoying great credit among
the people of Syracuse. He was opposed to Her-
mocratcs, the general who vanquished the Athenians.
The daughter of this Hermocrates is the heroine of
the romance, and it is probable that the writer wished
to appear to his readers in the light of a contemporary.
We have no data by which to fix the period when
Chariton flourished. Some place him at the end of the
4th century of our era. As regards the romance it-
self, it may be observed, that, though by no means
remarkable for its invention, it is smooth and easy in
the story. "Villemain has said no worse about it,"
observes a writer in the Foreign Quarterly (No. 9, p.
132), " than that it is ' a work which the learned Lar-
? ? cher has translated without being able to render it
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? CHA
portentosa mendacia a Diodoro rclata, Orpheum nar-
rant rue nal r&v uaeddv h ptiov Tt/xupiac, k. t. X. "
(Keigkllcy's Mythology, p. 92. )--II. One of the ear-
lier Greek historical writers, a native of Lampsacus,
supposed to have flourished between the 75th and 78th
Olympiads. Charon continued the researches of He-
eateus into eastern ethnography. He wrote (as was
the custom of the historians of his day) separate works
upon Persia, Libya, /Ethiopia, Arc. He also subjoined
the history of his own time, and he preceded Herod-
otus in narrating the events of the Persian war, al-
though Herodotus nowhere mentions him. From the
fragments of his writings which remain, it is manifest
that his relation to Herodotus was that of a dry chroni-
cler to an historian, under whose hands everything
acquires life and character. Charon wrote, besides, a
chronicle of his own country, as several of the early
historians did, who were thence called Horographers
(upot, corresponding to the Latin annates, ought not to
be confounded with upot, termini, hmites. --Schioeigh.
ad Athen. , 11, p. 475, 6 ,- 12, p. 520, d). The frag-
ments of Charon have been collected by Creuzer, in
bis Hwtoricorum Gratcorum Antiquissimorum Frag-
ments. , p. 89, scqq.
Charondas, a celebrated legislator, born at Catana
in Sicily, where he flourished about 650 B. C. We
have very few details of his life. Aristotle merely
informs us that he was of the middling class of citi-
zens, and that he framed laws for the people of Cata-
na as well as for other communities, which, like them,
were descended from Chalcis in Eubira. /Elian adds
(V. H. , 3, 17), that he was subsequently driven into
exile from Catana, and took refuge in Rhegium, where
he succeeded in introducing his laws. Some authors
infirm us, that he compiled his laws for the Thurians;
but he lived, in fact, a long time before the foundation
of Thurium, since his laws were abrogated in part by
Anailias, tyrant of Rhegium, who died 476 B. C. It
is not necessary, therefore, to suppose, with Sainte-
Croii (item, de VAcad. des Inscrtpt. , vol. 42, p. 317),
that there were two legislators of the same name, one
a native of Catana, and the other of Thurium. The
laws of Charondas were, like those of many of the
ancient legislators, in verse, and formed part of the in-
struction of the young. Their fame reached even to
Athens, where they were sung or chanted at repasts.
The preamble of these laws, as preserved to us by
Stobajus, is thought, as far, at least, as regards the
firm of expression, not to be genuine; and Heyne
supposes it to have been taken from some Pythago-
rean treatise on the laws of Charondas. --The man-
ner of this legislator's death is deserving of mention.
He had made a law, that no man should be allowed
to come armed into the assembly of the people. The
penalty for infringement was death. He became the
victim of his own law; for, having returned from pur-
suing some robbers, ho entered the city, and presented
himself before the assembly of the people without re-
flecting that he carried a sword by his side. Some
one thereupon remarked to him, "You are violating
your own law. " His reply was, "On the contrary, I
am establishing it;" and he slew himself on the spot.
This action, however, is ascribed by others to Dioclcs,
legislator of the Syracusans: perhaps it is true of
neither. For farther details respecting Charondas,
consult the memoir of Sainte-Croix, cited above, and
Heyne, Opuscula Aeademiea, vol. 2, p. 74, scqq.
Charybdis, a dangerous whirlpool, mentioned in
? ? the Odyssey, and placed by Homer somewhere be-
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? CHE
CHE
Thebaic nome, near Neapolis. There was in it, ac-
cording to the historian, a temple dedicated to Per-
seus, the son of Danae. This city is considered by
many to be the same with Panopolis, but incorrectly,
as will appear on the least examination of the case.
Herodotus says not a word of Pan's being worship-
ped in this place, he only speaks of the hero Perseus.
He places, moreover, his Chemmis, not in the ThcT
baid, but in the Thebaic nome, the distance of which
from Panopolis forms another strong objection to this
latter place being the same with Chemmis. Still
farther, he mentions the city of Neapolis as stand-
ing near his Chemmis, when no traces of this city,
nor, indeed, of any city at all, arc to be found near
Panopolis. For these reasons Mannert appears to be
perfectly correct in making the Chemmis of Herodo-
tus identical with Coptos. (Manner! , Gcogr. , vol. 10,
pt. 1, p. 374. ) Crcuzcr and Bahr, on the other hand,
are in favour of the opposite opinion stated above, but
adduce very feeble arguments in its support. (Bd. hr,
ad Herod. , 2, 91. ) -- III. An island in Egypt, situate
in a broad and deep lake, near the temple of Latona,
in the city of Butus. The Egyptians, according to
. Herodotus (2, 156), affirmed, that it was a floating
inland; but the historian, with great candour, adds,
that for his own part he could neither sec it float nor
move. The island contained a spacious temple dedi-
cated to Apollo, and three altars; with great numbers
of palms, and other trees, as well of such as produce
fruit as of those that do not. The Egyptians had
the following legend respecting the island: they
stated that Latona, one of the eight primary deities,
residing in Butus, received Apollo from the hands of
Isis, and preserved his life by concealing him in this
island, when Typhon, arriving in these parts, used all
possible diligence to find out the son of Osiris. --It is
thought that the Greeks invented from this story their
fable respecting Dclos. (Compare Larchcr, ad Herod. ,
I. e. ) As regards the name Chemmis, consult the re-
marks of Champollion, Systeme Hieroglyph. , p. 112.
Mannert makes the Egyptian legend arise from the
wish, on the part of the Egyptian priests, to explain
the Grecian mythology by a reference to their own as
its parent source. (Compare the remarkB at the close
of the article Charon. --Mannert, Gcogr. , vol. 10, pt.
1, p. 559. )
Cheops, a king of Egypt, the successor, according
to Herodotus (2, 124), of Rhampsinitus. According
to Larcher (Chronol. d'Herod. , vol. 7, p. 90), Cheops
began to reign 1178 B. C. Herodotus makes him to
have ruled over Egypt for the space of fifty years,
and to have been a most oppressive monarch. He
shut up all the temples, forbade public sacrifices, and
compelled the people to undergo the severest labour.
Ten years were occupied in constructing a causeway,
along which to draw the stones intended for a large
pyramid, and twenty years were then spent in erect-
ing the pyramid itself. On this structure was an in-
scription, in Egyptian characters, stating how much
had been expended in radishes, onions, and garlic for
tht workmen. The interpreter informed Herodotus
that this sum amounted to no less than 1600 talents
of silver. Taking the Attic talent at a valuation of
91055,60, the sum expended will be nearly $1,700,000
of our currency. The mode to which Cheops had re-
course in order to replenish his exhausted treasury,
although gravely related by Herodotus (2, 126), is ut-
? ? terly incredible, and must have been a falsehood of
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? CHI ?
Chersoxesus Cimbrjca, a peninsula in the northern
part of Germany, answering to the modern Jutland,
Schlessicig, and Hoist,-in. (Ptol. , 2, 11 )--III. Cher-
sonesus Taukica, a peninsula between the Pontus
Euxinus and Palus Mssotis, answering to the modem
Crimea. The name was derived from the Tauri, a
barbarous race who inhabited it. It was sometimes
culled Chersonesus Scythica and Chersonesus Magna
{Oxnd, Tnst, 4, 4, 63. ' -- Id. , Pont. , 3, 2, 5. ) -- IV.
Chersoxesus Thracica, often called simply the Cher-
sonesus, and the most important of all. It was a
peninsula of Thrace, between the Sinus Melas and
the Hellespont. The fertility of its soil, and its prox-
imity to the coast of Asia Minor, early attracted an
mflux of Grecian settlers, and its shores soon became
crowded with flourishing and populous cities. From
this quarter the Athenians drew their chief supply of
grain. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 322, seqq. )
Chbrcscj, a people of Germany, between the We-
scr and the Elbe, southeast of the Chauci. Under
the conduct of Arminius, they defeated and slew three
Roman legions commanded by Varus, A. D. 10, in the
Saltus Teutobergiensis, or Bishopric of Padcrborn.
They were afterward defeated by Germanicus, and
never recovered their former eminence. (Tac. , Ann. ,
I, 56 and 59. -- Id. ibid. , 2, 17, 26, 41, 45, and 64. --
U. , Germ. , 36. --Cats. , B. G. , 6, 10. --Veil. Patcrc. , 2,
105)
Chilo, a Spartan, ranked, on account of his wis-
dom and experience, among the seven sages of
Greece. He directed his attention to public affairs,
and became one of the ephori, B. C. 556. (Diog. La-
in. , 1, 68. -- Me-nag. , ad loc. ) Many of his maxims
are quoted by the ancient writers, which justify the
high reputation connected with his name. He died
of joy at an advanced age, while embracing one of
hU sons who had gained a prize at the Olympic games.
The story told by Herodotus (1, 59) respecting Chilo
and the father of Pisistratus cannot be true, since
Pisistratus usurped the government of Athens B. C.
561, only five years after Chilo became ephorus, and
there could not have been any very great difference
between their respective ages. Chilo appears to have
travelled much abroad, and it is probable that he vis-
ited Sardis, the capital of Croesus, a monarch who had
sought an alliance with Sparta. (Herod. , 1, 69. ) It
was at the court of the Lydian monarch, in all proba-
bility, that he saw -<? sop, since Diogenes Laertius
speaks of a question put by the philosopher to the
fabulist. (Diog. Laert. , 1, 68, seqq. )
Chim. f. ra, a fabulous monster, the offspring of Ty-
phon and Echidna (Hcstod, Theog. , 319), which rav-
aged the country of Lycia until slain by Bellerophon.
It had the head and neck of a lion, the body of a goat
(jrc/iaipa), and the tail of a serpent, and vomited forth
fire. (Horn. , II. , 6, 181. ) Hesiod's account is some-
what different from that of Homer, since he gives
the Chimera three heads, one that of a lion, another
a goat's, and a third a serpent's.
vol. 2, p. 77, scqq. )--The Chaldeans appear to have
been originally a mountaineer-race from the northern
parts of Mesopotamia, though not, as Michaelis sup-
poses, of foreign extraction, but in reality a branch of
the Semitic race. (Compare Adelung, Mtthradatcs,
vol. 1, p. 517. -- Fiirst, Chald. Gram. , p. 5, seqq. --
Compare still farther, in relation to the Chaldce
tongue, the remarks of Saint-Martin, as cited by Bal-
bi, Introduction a I'Atlas Ethnographique, p. 106,
and, as regards the pretended antiquity of the Chaldee
empire, consult Cutter, on the Revolutions of the Sur-
face of the Globe, p. 127, seqq. , Eng. transl. , 1829,
and DrummoniFs Origines, vol. 1, p. 13, seqq. ) Tho
Chaldreans arc highly commended in many of the an-
cient writers for their skill in the sciences, especially
in astronomy. If we are to believe Diodorus, how-
ever, their claims to this high character were very
slight. They seem to have pursued the study of as-
tronomy no farther than as it might tend to aid their
astrological researches. They taught that the shape
of the earth was that of a skirl* or small boat, and of
eclipses of the sun they knew but little, and never
ventured to predict them, or fix the time of their oc-
curring. So says Diodorus. (Diod. Sic. , 2, 31. --
Compare, however, in relation to the science of the
Chaldeans, the remarks of Sir W. Drummond, Class.
Journ. , vol. 16, p. 145 and 262; vol. 17, p. 19; vol.
18, p. 1 and 298; vol. 19. p. 296 )
Chald. *i, I. the inhabitants of Chaldea. --II. The
same with the Chalybes. (Vtd. Chalybes. )
Chalybes, a people of Pontus, in Asia Minor, who
inhabited the whole coast from the Jasonium Promon-
torium to the vicinity of the river Thermodon, to-
gether with a portion of the inner country. They
were celebrated in antiquity for the great iron-mines
and forges which existed in their country. (Apoll.
Rh. , 2, 1002, seqq. --Id. , 2, 374. -- Virg. , Georg. , 1,
58. -- Dwnys. Pcricg. , 768. ) We arc ignorant of
the grounds on which the ancients attributed this ac-
tive employment in the manufacture of iron to the
Chalybes, for it does not appear at present that this
part of Asia is at all productive of that most useful
metal; perhaps, however, if the mountainous districts
were accurately examined, there could be found traces
of the ancient works. It is plain, however, that they
had not ceased to furnish a good supply of metallic
ore in Strabo's time, for he observes, that the two
great articles of produce in the land of the Chalybes,
who were then commonly called Chaldu'i or Chaldi,
were the fisheries of the pelamys and the iron-works;
the latter kept in constant employment a great num-
ber of men. Strabo observes, also, that these mines
formerly produced a quantity of silver; and this cir-
cumstance, together with some affinity in the names,
? ? led some commentators of Homer to identify the Aly-
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? ? CHA
<<. >>. Xaovia. ) Virgil uses the epithet Chaonius for
Dfdonaws (dears? . , 1, 8) in referring to the acorns of
Dodona. (Cramer's Anc. Grace, vol. 1, p. 93. )
Chaos, a heterogeneous mass, containing all the
seeds of nature. According to Hesiod (Theog. , 116),
"Chaos waa first ;'* then came into being "broad-
breasted Earth, the gloomy Tartarus, and Love. "
Chaos produced Erebus and Night, and this last bore
to Erebus Day and --Ether. The idea of Chaos and
Night, divested of poetical imagery,is simply that of un-
formed matter, eternally existing as the passive princi-
ple, whence all forms are produced. Whether, besides
this Chaotic mass, the ancient theogonies suppose an
infinite, active, intelligent Principle, who from the
first matter formed the universe, is a question which
has occasioned much debate. It is evident, upon the
most cursory review of all the ancient theogonies, that
God, the great Creator of all things, is not expressly
introduced, but it is doubted whether the framers of
these theogonies meant to exclude him from their re-
spective systems, or indirectly to suppose his exist-
ence and the exertion of his power in giving motion to
matter. When divested of allegory and poetry, the
sum of the doctrine contained in the ancient theogo-
nies will, it is conceived, be found to be as follows:
The first matter, containing the seeds of all future
beine. existed from eternity with God. At length
the Divine energy acting upon matter produced a mo-
tion among its parts, by which those of the same kind
were brought together, and those of a different kind
were separated, and by which, according to certain
wise laws, the various forms of the material world
were produced. The same energy of emanation gave
existence to animals and men, and to gods who in-
habit the heavenly bodies, and various other parts of
nature. Among men, those who possess a larger por-
tion of the Divine nature than others are hereby im-
pelled to great and beneficent actions, and afford illus-
trious proofs of their divine original, on account of
which they are, after death, raised to a place among
the gods, and become objects of religious worship.
(Enfield's Hist, of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 130, seqq. )
Chabadra, a town of Phocis, about 20 stadia from
Lilca. Near it flowed the river Charadrus, which fell
into the Cephissus. Herodotus (8, 33) names this
place among the Phocian cities destroyed by the army
of Xerxes. Dodwcll states, that the ruins of Chara-
dra are to be seen near the village of Mariolutcx. at
the foot of Parnassus. (DodvscU's Tour, vol. 2, p. 132. )
Charax, I. a considerable emporium of Bithynia,
in the later periods of the Byzantine empire. It was
situate on the bay of Nicomedia, or Sinus Astacenus.
(Steph. Bys. , s. v. Xtipa? . )--II. Another and earlier
name for the city of Tralles, in Lydia. (Stcph. Byz. ,
s. v. TpaWkig, Xupaz )--III. A town of Phrygia, be-
tween Lampe and Graosgala. (Nicet. , Ann. , p. 127,
6. )--rV. A town of Armenia Minor, in the northeast-
ern angle of the country. (Ptol. --Compare Cramer,
Asia Mtnor, vol. 2, p. 154. )
Chabaxts, a Mytilenean, brother to Sappho. ( Vid.
Sappho, near the commencement of the article. )
Chares, I. an Athenian general, who succeeded to
the command after the condemnation and death of
Leosthenes. He was sent by the Athenians against
Alexander, tyrant of Pheras, but, instead of coming to
action with the foe, he harassed the Athenian allies to
such a degree by his extortions and oppression, that
the social war was the result (B. C. 388). Although
? ? Chares was the principal cause of this war, yet the
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? CHA
CHA
are graceful and beautiful themselves, and the bestow-
ers of all grace and beauty both on persons and things.
They seem to have been particularly attached to the
train of the goddess of love, although the queen of
heaven had authority over them (It. , 14, 267); and
she promises Pasithea, one of the youngest of them,
as a wife to Somnus, in return for his aid in deceiving
Jupiter: by later writers she is even said to be their
mother. (Nonnus, 31, 184. -- Eudocia, ap. Vitlois. ,
Anecd. Gr. , vol. 1, p. 430. ) Orchomenus, in Boeotia,
was the chief seat of the worship of these goddesses.
Its introduction was ascribed to Etcocles, the son of
the river Cephissus. The Lacedaemonians worship-
ped only two Graces, whom they name Cleta (Re-
nowned) and Phaenna (Bright), as we are informed
by Pausanias (/. c, el 3. 18, 6). The Athenians ori-
ginally adored the same number, under the names of
Hegcmone (Leader) and Auxo (Incrcaser). The
Graces were at all times, in the creed of Greece, tho
goddesses presiding over social enjoyments, the ban-
quet, the dance, and all that tended to inspire gayety
and cheerfulness. They are represented as three
beautiful sisters, either dancing together, or standing
with their arms around each other. Somctimos they
are nude, sometimes habited. (Keightley's Mythol-
ogy, p. 192, seq. )-- The Graces, like the Horse and
Muses, appear to have had originally a reference to
the stars and seasons. The Greeks deprived them
of their astronomical functions, and substituted such
attributes as were merely of a poetic character. We
still see, however, on an ancient gem, the Graces dan-
cing upon the head of Taurus, while two of them are
turning towards seven stars, at which they point with
the hand. (Bortoni, Collect. Anliq. Rom. , fol. 1736,
n. 82. -- Passerat, Thesaur. gemm. astrifcr. , 1, tab.
144. ) At a later period, when moral ideas began to
be more intimately blended with parts of the Grecian
system, the Graces assumed analogous attributes.
One of them was supposed to represent a favour con-
ferred, another a favour received, while the third des-
ignated the return made for benefits. (Artstot. , Eth. ,
5, 8. -- Sencc. , dc Bencf. , 1, 3. -- Constant, de la Reli-
gion, vol. 2, p. 402. --Winckelmann, Essai sur I'Al-
legoric, c. 2. --Traites sur VAllegoric, vol. 1, p. 132. )
Chariton, of Aphrodisias (a Carian town), the
name by which wc know the author of a Greek ro-
mance, entitled Tuv rrcpl Xaipiav nal KaMi/S/Soi/v
ipuTLKuv iiriyjinaTuv Xoyoi q: "The Loves of Chffi-
rcas and Gallirhoe, in eight books.
" The appellation
is probably an assumed one, as well as the title he
gives himself of " Secretary to the rhetorician Athcn-
agoras. " This rhetorician is supposed by some to be
the same with the one of whom Thucydidcs makes
mention (6, 35, scqq. ) as enjoying great credit among
the people of Syracuse. He was opposed to Her-
mocratcs, the general who vanquished the Athenians.
The daughter of this Hermocrates is the heroine of
the romance, and it is probable that the writer wished
to appear to his readers in the light of a contemporary.
We have no data by which to fix the period when
Chariton flourished. Some place him at the end of the
4th century of our era. As regards the romance it-
self, it may be observed, that, though by no means
remarkable for its invention, it is smooth and easy in
the story. "Villemain has said no worse about it,"
observes a writer in the Foreign Quarterly (No. 9, p.
132), " than that it is ' a work which the learned Lar-
? ? cher has translated without being able to render it
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? CHA
portentosa mendacia a Diodoro rclata, Orpheum nar-
rant rue nal r&v uaeddv h ptiov Tt/xupiac, k. t. X. "
(Keigkllcy's Mythology, p. 92. )--II. One of the ear-
lier Greek historical writers, a native of Lampsacus,
supposed to have flourished between the 75th and 78th
Olympiads. Charon continued the researches of He-
eateus into eastern ethnography. He wrote (as was
the custom of the historians of his day) separate works
upon Persia, Libya, /Ethiopia, Arc. He also subjoined
the history of his own time, and he preceded Herod-
otus in narrating the events of the Persian war, al-
though Herodotus nowhere mentions him. From the
fragments of his writings which remain, it is manifest
that his relation to Herodotus was that of a dry chroni-
cler to an historian, under whose hands everything
acquires life and character. Charon wrote, besides, a
chronicle of his own country, as several of the early
historians did, who were thence called Horographers
(upot, corresponding to the Latin annates, ought not to
be confounded with upot, termini, hmites. --Schioeigh.
ad Athen. , 11, p. 475, 6 ,- 12, p. 520, d). The frag-
ments of Charon have been collected by Creuzer, in
bis Hwtoricorum Gratcorum Antiquissimorum Frag-
ments. , p. 89, scqq.
Charondas, a celebrated legislator, born at Catana
in Sicily, where he flourished about 650 B. C. We
have very few details of his life. Aristotle merely
informs us that he was of the middling class of citi-
zens, and that he framed laws for the people of Cata-
na as well as for other communities, which, like them,
were descended from Chalcis in Eubira. /Elian adds
(V. H. , 3, 17), that he was subsequently driven into
exile from Catana, and took refuge in Rhegium, where
he succeeded in introducing his laws. Some authors
infirm us, that he compiled his laws for the Thurians;
but he lived, in fact, a long time before the foundation
of Thurium, since his laws were abrogated in part by
Anailias, tyrant of Rhegium, who died 476 B. C. It
is not necessary, therefore, to suppose, with Sainte-
Croii (item, de VAcad. des Inscrtpt. , vol. 42, p. 317),
that there were two legislators of the same name, one
a native of Catana, and the other of Thurium. The
laws of Charondas were, like those of many of the
ancient legislators, in verse, and formed part of the in-
struction of the young. Their fame reached even to
Athens, where they were sung or chanted at repasts.
The preamble of these laws, as preserved to us by
Stobajus, is thought, as far, at least, as regards the
firm of expression, not to be genuine; and Heyne
supposes it to have been taken from some Pythago-
rean treatise on the laws of Charondas. --The man-
ner of this legislator's death is deserving of mention.
He had made a law, that no man should be allowed
to come armed into the assembly of the people. The
penalty for infringement was death. He became the
victim of his own law; for, having returned from pur-
suing some robbers, ho entered the city, and presented
himself before the assembly of the people without re-
flecting that he carried a sword by his side. Some
one thereupon remarked to him, "You are violating
your own law. " His reply was, "On the contrary, I
am establishing it;" and he slew himself on the spot.
This action, however, is ascribed by others to Dioclcs,
legislator of the Syracusans: perhaps it is true of
neither. For farther details respecting Charondas,
consult the memoir of Sainte-Croix, cited above, and
Heyne, Opuscula Aeademiea, vol. 2, p. 74, scqq.
Charybdis, a dangerous whirlpool, mentioned in
? ? the Odyssey, and placed by Homer somewhere be-
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? CHE
CHE
Thebaic nome, near Neapolis. There was in it, ac-
cording to the historian, a temple dedicated to Per-
seus, the son of Danae. This city is considered by
many to be the same with Panopolis, but incorrectly,
as will appear on the least examination of the case.
Herodotus says not a word of Pan's being worship-
ped in this place, he only speaks of the hero Perseus.
He places, moreover, his Chemmis, not in the ThcT
baid, but in the Thebaic nome, the distance of which
from Panopolis forms another strong objection to this
latter place being the same with Chemmis. Still
farther, he mentions the city of Neapolis as stand-
ing near his Chemmis, when no traces of this city,
nor, indeed, of any city at all, arc to be found near
Panopolis. For these reasons Mannert appears to be
perfectly correct in making the Chemmis of Herodo-
tus identical with Coptos. (Manner! , Gcogr. , vol. 10,
pt. 1, p. 374. ) Crcuzcr and Bahr, on the other hand,
are in favour of the opposite opinion stated above, but
adduce very feeble arguments in its support. (Bd. hr,
ad Herod. , 2, 91. ) -- III. An island in Egypt, situate
in a broad and deep lake, near the temple of Latona,
in the city of Butus. The Egyptians, according to
. Herodotus (2, 156), affirmed, that it was a floating
inland; but the historian, with great candour, adds,
that for his own part he could neither sec it float nor
move. The island contained a spacious temple dedi-
cated to Apollo, and three altars; with great numbers
of palms, and other trees, as well of such as produce
fruit as of those that do not. The Egyptians had
the following legend respecting the island: they
stated that Latona, one of the eight primary deities,
residing in Butus, received Apollo from the hands of
Isis, and preserved his life by concealing him in this
island, when Typhon, arriving in these parts, used all
possible diligence to find out the son of Osiris. --It is
thought that the Greeks invented from this story their
fable respecting Dclos. (Compare Larchcr, ad Herod. ,
I. e. ) As regards the name Chemmis, consult the re-
marks of Champollion, Systeme Hieroglyph. , p. 112.
Mannert makes the Egyptian legend arise from the
wish, on the part of the Egyptian priests, to explain
the Grecian mythology by a reference to their own as
its parent source. (Compare the remarkB at the close
of the article Charon. --Mannert, Gcogr. , vol. 10, pt.
1, p. 559. )
Cheops, a king of Egypt, the successor, according
to Herodotus (2, 124), of Rhampsinitus. According
to Larcher (Chronol. d'Herod. , vol. 7, p. 90), Cheops
began to reign 1178 B. C. Herodotus makes him to
have ruled over Egypt for the space of fifty years,
and to have been a most oppressive monarch. He
shut up all the temples, forbade public sacrifices, and
compelled the people to undergo the severest labour.
Ten years were occupied in constructing a causeway,
along which to draw the stones intended for a large
pyramid, and twenty years were then spent in erect-
ing the pyramid itself. On this structure was an in-
scription, in Egyptian characters, stating how much
had been expended in radishes, onions, and garlic for
tht workmen. The interpreter informed Herodotus
that this sum amounted to no less than 1600 talents
of silver. Taking the Attic talent at a valuation of
91055,60, the sum expended will be nearly $1,700,000
of our currency. The mode to which Cheops had re-
course in order to replenish his exhausted treasury,
although gravely related by Herodotus (2, 126), is ut-
? ? terly incredible, and must have been a falsehood of
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? CHI ?
Chersoxesus Cimbrjca, a peninsula in the northern
part of Germany, answering to the modern Jutland,
Schlessicig, and Hoist,-in. (Ptol. , 2, 11 )--III. Cher-
sonesus Taukica, a peninsula between the Pontus
Euxinus and Palus Mssotis, answering to the modem
Crimea. The name was derived from the Tauri, a
barbarous race who inhabited it. It was sometimes
culled Chersonesus Scythica and Chersonesus Magna
{Oxnd, Tnst, 4, 4, 63. ' -- Id. , Pont. , 3, 2, 5. ) -- IV.
Chersoxesus Thracica, often called simply the Cher-
sonesus, and the most important of all. It was a
peninsula of Thrace, between the Sinus Melas and
the Hellespont. The fertility of its soil, and its prox-
imity to the coast of Asia Minor, early attracted an
mflux of Grecian settlers, and its shores soon became
crowded with flourishing and populous cities. From
this quarter the Athenians drew their chief supply of
grain. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 322, seqq. )
Chbrcscj, a people of Germany, between the We-
scr and the Elbe, southeast of the Chauci. Under
the conduct of Arminius, they defeated and slew three
Roman legions commanded by Varus, A. D. 10, in the
Saltus Teutobergiensis, or Bishopric of Padcrborn.
They were afterward defeated by Germanicus, and
never recovered their former eminence. (Tac. , Ann. ,
I, 56 and 59. -- Id. ibid. , 2, 17, 26, 41, 45, and 64. --
U. , Germ. , 36. --Cats. , B. G. , 6, 10. --Veil. Patcrc. , 2,
105)
Chilo, a Spartan, ranked, on account of his wis-
dom and experience, among the seven sages of
Greece. He directed his attention to public affairs,
and became one of the ephori, B. C. 556. (Diog. La-
in. , 1, 68. -- Me-nag. , ad loc. ) Many of his maxims
are quoted by the ancient writers, which justify the
high reputation connected with his name. He died
of joy at an advanced age, while embracing one of
hU sons who had gained a prize at the Olympic games.
The story told by Herodotus (1, 59) respecting Chilo
and the father of Pisistratus cannot be true, since
Pisistratus usurped the government of Athens B. C.
561, only five years after Chilo became ephorus, and
there could not have been any very great difference
between their respective ages. Chilo appears to have
travelled much abroad, and it is probable that he vis-
ited Sardis, the capital of Croesus, a monarch who had
sought an alliance with Sparta. (Herod. , 1, 69. ) It
was at the court of the Lydian monarch, in all proba-
bility, that he saw -<? sop, since Diogenes Laertius
speaks of a question put by the philosopher to the
fabulist. (Diog. Laert. , 1, 68, seqq. )
Chim. f. ra, a fabulous monster, the offspring of Ty-
phon and Echidna (Hcstod, Theog. , 319), which rav-
aged the country of Lycia until slain by Bellerophon.
It had the head and neck of a lion, the body of a goat
(jrc/iaipa), and the tail of a serpent, and vomited forth
fire. (Horn. , II. , 6, 181. ) Hesiod's account is some-
what different from that of Homer, since he gives
the Chimera three heads, one that of a lion, another
a goat's, and a third a serpent's.
