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But the only tale of his amours related at any length
by the poets, is that in tho case of Venus. (Horn. ,
Od. , 8, 266, scqq. --Ovid, A. A. , 2, 561. ) This tale
is an evident interpolation in the Odyssey, where it oc-
curs. Its date ia uncertain; though the language, the
ideas, and the state of society which it supposes, might
almost lead us to assign its origin to a comparatively
late period. It ia generally supposed to be a physical
myth, or, rather, a combination of two such myths;
for beauty might naturally have been made the spouse
of tho god, from whose workshop proceeded so many
elegant productions of art; and, as we are about to
? how, another physical view might have led to the
union ;1 Mars and Venus. Hesiod, for example, says
? ? (Thcog. , 937) that Harmonia (Order) was the daughter
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? MARSYAS.
MIR
Apollo for the palm in musical skill. The Muses were
the umpires, and it was agreed that the victor might
do what ho pleased with the vanquished. Marayas
OS', aed Apollo flayed him alive for his temerity. The
tca/s of the nymphs and rural deities for the fate of
their companion gave origin, it was fabled, to the stream
which bore his name; and his skin was said to have
been hung up in the cave whence the waters of the riv-
er Mowed. (Apotlod. , 1, 4, 2. -- Pausan. , 2, 7, 9. --
Pint. , de FIuv. , 10. --Hygin. , fab. , 165. --Omd, Mel. ,
6, 382, neqq. --Xen. , Anab. , 1, 2, 8. )--It seems, ac-
cording to the ancient mythological writers, that, in
the contest above alluded to, Apollo played at first a
simple air on hia instrument; but Maxsyas, taking up
sis pipe, struck the audience so much with the novel-
ty of its tone and the art of his performance, that he
seemed to be heard with more pleasure than his rival.
Having agreed upon a second trial of skill, it is said
that the performance of Apollo, by his accompanying
the lyre with his voice, was allowed greatly to excel
that of Marayas upon the pipe alone. Marsyas with in-
dignation protested against the decision of his judges,
urging that he had not been fairly vanquished accord-
ing to the rules stipulated, because the dispute was
concerning the excellence of their respective instru-
ments, not their voices; and that it was unjust to em-
ploy two arts against one. Apollo denied that he had
taken any unfair advantage, since Marsyas had used
both his mouth and fingers in playing on his instrument,
so that if he was denied the use of hia voice, he would
be still more disqualified for the contention. On a
third trial Marsyas was again vanquished, and met
with the fate already mentioned. (Diod. Sic, 3, 58. )
--The whole fable, however, admits of a very rational
explanation. The pipe as cast away by Minerva, and
Marayas as punished by Apollo, arc intended merely
to denote the preference given, at some particular pe-
riod, by some particular Grecian race, with whom the
myth originated, to the music of the lyre over that of
the pipe, or, in other words, to the Citharocdic over
the Aulelie art. The double pipe was a Phrygian or
Asiatic invention, and ascribed to a certain Marsyas.
{Diod. Sic, 3, 58. ) The music of this instrument
was generally used in celebrating the wild and enthu-
siastic rites of Cybele. Hence we may explain the re-
mark of Diodorus, that Marsyas was a companion and
follower of Cybele (kKovoiue airy ? xaptiKo? . ovdeiv nai
ovuw/. avaodat, 3, 58). Subsequently, the wildness
of the Bacchanalian celebrations became intermingled
with toe phrensied delirium that characterized the pro-
cession and the rites of Cybele. The double pipe
came now to be employed in the orgies of Bacchus.
The worship of this god spread over Greece, and with
i*. was disseminated the knowledge of this instrument.
To the new species of music thus introduced was op-
posed the old and national melody of tje lyre; or, in
the language of mythology, Apollo, the inventor and im-
prover of the lyre, engaged in a stubborn conflict with
Marsyas, the representative of the double pipe. Apol-
lo conquers; that is, the pipe was long regarded by
the Greeks as a haabarian instrument, and banished
from the hymns and festivals of the gods: it could only
find admittance into the festivals of the vintage, in the
Bacchanalian orgies, and ir. the chorus of the drama.
( Wielcnd, Altischcs MtS'um, vol. 1, p 311, seqq. )--
A statue of Marsyas, representing him in the act of
3eing flayed, stood in the Roman forum, in front of the
? ? rostra. The story of Marsyas, understood in its liter-
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? MAR
MAS
wui. 'h was ever after called from him the Aqua Mania.
I'liny, however, stale* that the Aqua Marcia waa first
conveyed to Rome by Ancus Marcius; and that Quiu-
tus Marcius Rex merely re-established the conduits.
The same writer informs us that the earlier name of
the water was Saufeia. (Plin. , 31, 24. )--The Mar-
cian water was obtained from the little river Pilonius,
now Gioveneo. This stream entered the Lacus Fu-
cinus on the northeast side, and was said not to mix
its waters, the coldest known, with those of the lake.
According to the same popular account, it afterward
emerged by a subterranean duct near Tibur, and be-
came the Aqua Marcia. (Cramer's Anc. It. , vol. 1,
p. 327. --Burgess, Anliq. of Rome, vol. 2, p. 328. )
Martialis, Marcus Valerius, a Latin epigram-
matic poet, born at Bilbilis in Spain, about A. D. 40.
Rader fixes his birth at A. D. 43; while Masson (Kir.
Plin. , p. 112) makes him not to have died before A. D.
101. --Very few particulars of his life are ascertained,
and even these are principally collected from his own
writings. He was destined originally for the bar, but
showed little disposition to apply himself to such a
career. In order to complete his education, Martial
was sent to Rome. It was at the age of about twenty-
two years, and in the sixth year of Nero's reign, that
he established himself in the capital. Here he gave
himself up entirely to poetry, which he made a means
of subsistence, for he was compelled to live by his
own exertions. Titus and Domitian both favoured
him, and the latter bestowed on him the rank of an
caues and the office of a tribune, granting to him at
the same time all the privileges connected with the
Jus trium liberorum. After having passed thirty-five
years at Rome, he felt desirous of visiting his native
country. Pliny the younger supplied him with the ne-
cessary means for travelling. Having reached Spain,
he there, according to some critics, married a rich fe-
male named Marcella, who had possessions on the Bil-
bilis or Salon, and lived many years in the enjoyment
>>f conjugal happiness. The conclusion, however, to
be drawn from his writings rather favours the supposi-
tion that such an union did not take place. Martial
was acquainted with most of his literary contempora-
ries, Juvenal, Quintilian, Pliny the younger, and others,
as appears from his own writings. (Ep. , 2, 00; 12,
18, <5tc. )--We have about 1200 epigrams from the
pen of Martial: they form fourteen books, of which
the last two are entitled Xenia and Apophoreta re-
ipectively, from the circumstance of their containing
mottoes or devices to be affixed to presents offered to
his friends, or distributed at the Saturnalia and other
festivals. These fourteen books are preceded by one
under the title of Spcctacula, containing epigrams or
small pieces on the spectacles given by Thus and
Domitian. These are not all productions of Martial;
but it is very possible that he may have made and pub-
lished the collection. --The greater part of Martial's
epigrams arc of a different kind from those of Catullus.
They approach more nearly to the modern idea of
epigram, for they terminate with a point for which the
author reserves all the edge and bitterness of his sat-
ire. Among the numerous epigrams which Martial
has,left behind him, there are some that are excellent;
of the collection as a whole, however, we may say, in
the words of the poet himself (I, 17): "Sunt bona,
sunt quadam mediocria, sunt mala plura. " Many
of these epigrams have lost their point for us, who are
? ? ignorant of the circumstances to which they allude.
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? MASINISSA.
MAS
matnage to S> phax However thit might h>>ve been,
Masinissa, before declaring openly againat Carthage,
made a secret treaty with the Romans, and advised
Scipio, it is said, to carry the war into Africa. Re-
turning to this country himself, he found his kingdom
a prey to usurpers, his father and elder brother having
both died during his absence. With the aid, however,
of Bocchus. king of Mauretania, he obtained posses-
sion of his hereditary throne, and would have enjoyed
it peacesblv, if the Carthaginians, irritated at his now
open avowal for the Romans, had not incited Syphax
to make war upon him. Defeated and stripped of his
dominions, Masinissa was compelled to take refuge
near the Syrtis Minor, where he defended himself until
the arrival of Scipio. The aspect of affairs immedi-
ately changed, and Masinissa, by his valour and skill,
-ontributed greatly to the victory gained by Scipio
ver Hasdrubal and Syphax. Having been sent with
I^elius in pursuit of the vanquished, he penetrated,
after a march of fifteen days, to the very heart of his
rival's kingdom, gained a battle against him, made
himself master of Cirta, the capital of Syphax, and
found in it Sophonisba, to whom, as we have said,
he had been attached in early youth. The charms of
che daughter of Hasdrubal proved too powerful for the
Numidian king, and he married her at once, in the
hope of rescuing her from slavery, since she belonged
to the Romans by the right of conquest. This impru-
dent union, however, with a captive whose hatred to-
wards Rome was so deep-rooted, could not but, prove
displeasing to Scipio, and Masinissa was severely re-
proved in private by the Roman commander. The
Numidian, in his despair, sent a cup of poison to his
bride, who drank it off with the utmost heroism. (Liv. ,
30, 15. ) To console him for his loss, Scipio bestowed
upon Masinissa the title of king and a crown of gold,
and heaped upon him other honours; and these dis-
tinctions, together with the hope of soon seeing him-
self master of all Numidia, caused the ambitions mon-
arch to forget the death of Sophonisba. Constantly
attached to the fortunes of Scipio, Masinissa fought on
Ma aide at the battle of Zama, defeated the left wing
af the enemy, and, though severely wounded, never-
theless went in pursuit of Hannibal himself, in the
Oope of crowning his exploits by the capture of this
celebrated commander. Scipio, before leaving Africa,
established Masinissa in his hereditary possessions,
tnd added to these, with the authority of the sen-
ate, all that had belonged to Syphax in Numidia.
Master now of the whole country from Mauretania to
Gyrene, and become the most powerful prince in Af-
rica, Masinissa profited by the leisure which peace af-
forded* him, and exerted himself in introducing among
his semi barbarous subjects the blessings of civiliza-
tion. Neither age, however, nor the tranquil posses-
sion of so extensive a territory, could damp his ardour
for conquest. Imboldcned by his relations with
Rome, he violated the treaties subsisting between
himself and the Carthaginians, and, although in his
ninetieth year, placed himself at the head of a power-
ful army and marched into the territories of Carthage.
He was preparing for a general action when Scipio
/Emilianus arrived at his camp, having come from
Spain to visit him. Masinissa received the young Ro-
man with distinguished honours, alluded with tears to
bis old benefactor Africanus, and afterward caused the
tlite of his troops to pas* in review before the son of
? ? Paulus i-Emilius. The young Scipio was most struck,
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? M Ali'
uievious to the commencement of the second Punic
contest we find them the allies of the Romans, (hit. ,
21, 20. ) The political importance of this city re-
ceived a severe check in the civil war between Cassar
and Pompey, in consequence of its attachment to the
party of the latter. It had to sustain a severe siege,
in which its fleet was destroyed, and, after surrender-
ing, to pay a heavy exaction. (Cat. , Bell. Civ. , 2,
22. ) The conqueror, it is true, left the city the title
of freedom, but its power and former importance were
f;one. The downfall of its political consequence,
lowever, was succeeded by distinguished eminence
in another point of view, and already, in the days of
Augustus, Massilia began to be famous as a school of
the sciences, and the rival of Athens. Even in a much
later age, though surrounded by barbarous tribes, she
continued to enjoy her literary rank, and was also re-
markable for the culture of philosophy and the healing
art. Massilia remained a flourishing city until the in-
roads of the barbarians and the subjugation by them
of nearly the whole of southern Gaul. The govern-
ment of the place was a well-regulated aristocracy.
(Manncrt, Gcogr. , vol. 2, p. 81, seqq. )
Massyli, a people of Numidia, to the cast of the
Massxsyli and Cape Tretum. They- were the sub-
jects of Masinissa. (Ltv. , 24, 48. --Polyb. , 3, 33. --
Sil. Jtal. , 16, 170. )
Matinum, a city of Messapia or Iapygia, southeast
of Callipolis. Near it was the Mons Matinus. It
was here, according to Horace, that the celebrated
philosopher, Archytas of Tarentum, was interred,
when cast on shore after shipwreck. (Od. , 1, 28. )
This region was famed for its bees and honey. The
modern Matinata seems to mark the site of the an-
cient city. (Cramer's Arte. Italy, vol. 2, p. 277. )
Matrona, a river of Gaul, now the Marne, which
formed part of the ancient boundary between Gallia
Bclgica and Gallia Celtica.
It takes its rise at Lan-
grts, runs northwest to Chalons, then westward, pass
es by M-auz, becomes navigable at Vitry, and a. '.
Charcnton, a little above Paris, falls into the Seq i*
Da or Seine, after a course of about 92 Uagvss
(Cas. , B. C, 1, 1. --Auson. , Mosel. , v. 4G1 -- Am-
mian. Marccll. , 15, 27. -- Salon. , PlMgyr. Mir jo-
rian. , 208. )
Matronama, a festival celebrated a. P. otr. c on the
Calends, or first of March, and un this oaine occasion
presents used to be given by Lasba. ido to their wives.
The day is said to have been kept sacred in remem-
brance chiefly of the reconciliation between the Ro-
mans and the Sabines. On this same day, also, a
temple had been dedicated by the Roman ladies to
Juno Lucina, on the Esquiline Hill, and here they
presented their annual offerings. (Ovid, Fast. , 3, 170,
seqq. ) From this last-mentioned circumstance, and
particularly from a. part of the passage last referred to
(v. 235, seqq. ), the true reason of the celebration
may perhaps be inferred. Ovid speaks of offerings
of flowers made on this occasion to Juno.
Mattiaci, a nation in the western quarter of Ger-
many: according to Wilhelm (Germanien und seine
Bewohner, Weimar, 1823), a branch of the Catti, be-
tween the Lahn and Maine, in the country between
Maycnce and Coblenz; but, according to Kruse, ly-
ing between the Maine, the Taunus, and the Rhine
(Arckiv. fiir alte Gcogr. ). The Aquae MatliacsB cor-
respond to the modern Wiesbaden. (Ammian. Mar-
ceU. , 29, 20. )
? ? Matota, a deity among the Romans, the same as
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? JAX
MAX
*t; aaorned below by gilded rostra or beaks of 240
(hips, and every successive tier or story was enriched
with a profusion of sculpture, representing various an-
imals, righting centaurs, and other figures, all of which
were gilded; and on the summit were statues of si-
rens, made hollow, in order that the singers who
chanted the funeral dirge might be concealed 'ithin
them. --III. The Mausoleum of Augustus at Koine
was a structure of great magnitude and grandeur, and
circular in plan. It stood in the Campus Martins,
wkjre remains of it yet exist in the two concentric
circles forming the first and second stories of the
building, and the vaulted chambers between, which
supported the first or lowest terrace. Of these terra-
ces thero were three; consequently, four stages in the
building, gradually decreasing in diameter, the upper-
most of which was crowned with a colossal statue of
the emperor. The terraces themselves were planted
with trees. From traces of something of the kind
that yet remain, it is conjectured that there was ori-
ginally an advanced portico attached to the building,
in the same manner as that of the Pantheon, though
considerably smaller in proportion to the rest of the
plan, as it could not have been carried up higher than
. he first stage of the building. According to Hirt's
representation of it, in bis " Baukunat lei den Allen,"
it was a Corinthian hexastyle, advanced one inter-
column before the side-walls connecting it with the
circular edifice behind it. --IV. The Mausoleum of
Hadrian was also of great magnitude and grandeur,
and, like the preceding, circular in plan. It is now
converted into the Castle of St. Angelo, in which
shape it is familiar to almost every one. This is a
work of most massy construction, and originally pre-
sented an unbroken circular mass of building, erect-
ed upon a larger square basement, lofty in itself, yet
of moderate height in proportion to the superstruc-
ture, the latter being about twice as high as the for-
mer. This nearly solid rotunda, which was originally
coated with white marble, had on its summit numer-
ous fine statues, which were broken to pieces and the
fragments hurled down by the soldiers of Bclisarius
upon the Goths, who attempted to take the building
by storm. Neither are any remains now left of the
uppennost stage of the edifice, which assumed the
form of a circular peripteral temple, whose diameter
was about one third of the larger circle. According
to tradition, its peristyle consisted of the twenty-four
beautiful marble Corinthian columns which afterward
decorated the Basilica of Son Paolo fuori dellc Mura
(partially destroyed some few years ago by fire, but
now nearly restored); and its tholus or dome was
surmounted by a colossal pine-apple in bronze, now
placed in the gardens of the Vatican. (Eneycl. Us.
Knoul. , vol. 15, p. 21. )
Maxentius, Marcus Aurelius Valerius, son of
Maximianns, the colleague of Dioclesian in the em-
pire, was living in obscurity, when, after his father's
abdication, and the elevation of Constautine to the
rank of Csesar. he became envious of the latter, and
dissatisfied with the neglect which ho experienced
from Galerius. Accordingly, he stirred up a revolt
among the praetorian soldiers at Rome, and was pro-
claimed emperor A. D. 306. Galerius. who was then
in the East, sent orders to Severus Cresar, who had
the command of Italy, to march from Mediolanum to
Rome with all his forces, and put down ihc insurrec-
? ? tion. In the mean time, Maximianus, who lived in re-
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? M AX
MA Z
Kaximus marched out of Rome with troops to oppose
Maximinus, who had laid siege to Aquileia. The lat-
ter, however, experienced a brave resistance from the
garrison and people of that city, which excited still more
nis natural cruelty, and the soldiers, becoming weary of
him, mutinied and killed both him and his son, A. D.
238. Maximinus, the father, then G5 years old, was
a ferocious soldier and nothing else, and wonderful
tales are related of his voracity, and the quantity of
food and drink which he swallowed daily. His son is
amid to have been a handsome but arrogant . youth.
{Jul Cajrilol. , Vit. Maxim. -- Encycl. Us. Know! . ,
vol. 15, p. 23. )--II. Daia or Daza, an Illyrian peas-
ant, served in the Roman armies, and was raised by
Galerius, who was his relative, to the rank of military
inbune, and lastly to the dignity of Ciesar, A. D. 303,
it the time of the abdication of Dioclesian and Max-
imian, when he had for his share the government of
Syria and Egypt. After the death of Oalerius, A. D.
311, Maximinus and Licinius divided his dominiona
Between them, and Maximinus obtained the whole of
the Asistic provinces. Both he and Licinius behaved
jngratefully towards the family of Galerius, their
common benefactor. Valeria, the daughter of Diocle-
sian and widow of Galerius, having escaped from Li-
cinius into the dominions of Maximinus, the latter of-
? ered to marry her, and, on her refusal, banished her,
with her mother, to the deserts of Syria. He perse-
:uted the Christians, and made war against the Ar-
menians. A new war having broken out belwc, Li-
:inius and Maximinus, the latter advanced as far as
\drianopolis, but was defeated, fled into Asia, and
died of poison at Tarsus, A. D. 313. {Encycl. Us.
Know! . , vol. 15, p. 24. )
Maximus, I. Magnus, a native of Spain, who pro-
claimed himself emperor A. D. 383. The unpopular-
ity of Gratian favoured his usurpation, and he was ac-
knowledged by the troops. Gratian marched against
lim, but he was defeated, and soon after assassinated.
Maximus refused the honours of burial to the re-
aains of Gratian; and, when he had made himself
master of Britain, Gaul, and Spain, he sent ambassa-
dors into the East, and demanded of the Emperor The-
odosius to acknowledge him as his associate on the
throne. Thenao*ius endeavoured to amuse and de-
lay him, but Maximus resolved to enforce his claim by
arms, and, crossing the Alps, made himself master of
ftaly. Theodosius, however, marched against and be-
sieged him in Aquileia, where he was betrayed by his
own soldiers, and put to death, A. D. 383--II. Pe-
'ronius, a Roman senator, twice consul, and of pa-
trician origin. He caused the Emperor Valentinian
III. to be assassinated, and ascended the throne, but
was stoned to death, and his body thrown into the Ti-
ber by his own soldiers, A. D. 455, after a reign of
only 77 days. (Procop. , Bell. Vflnd. --Sidon. , Apoll. ,
I, 23. )--III. Tyrius, a nativo of Tyre, distinguished
ibr his eloquence, and who obtained some degree of
i-elebrity also as a philosopher of the New-Platonic
school. According to Suidas, he lived under Corn-
modus; but, according to Eusebiua and Syncellua, un-
Jer Antoninus Pius. The accounts of these chronol-
ogers may be reconciled by supposing that Maximus
flourished under Antoninus, and reached the time of
Commodua. Joseph Scaliger believed that Maximus
was one of the instructors of Marcus Aurclius; and
that emperor, in fact, mentions a Maximus among his
? ? preceptors; but this individual was Claudius Maximus,
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? MED
MED
Mt:iT*. a people in the north of Britain, nea: the
Vallum Seven. They are the same with the Maatai.
MtDii, daughter of i? etea, king of Colchis, and
famed for her skill in sorcery and enchantment.
When Jason came to Colchis in quest of the golden
fierce, she aided him in obtaining it, and then fled
with him in the Argo to Greece. (Vol. Argonauts )
Here she displayed her magic skill in the case of
/Eton, whom ahc restored from the decrepitude of
age to the bloom of early youth. In order to effect
ih. a change, she is said by the poets to have drawn off
all the blood from his veins, and then to have filled
them with the juices of certain herbs. This sudden
renovation of the parent of Jason so wrought upon the
daughters of Pelias, that they entreated Medea to per-
form the same act far their aged father. The Colchian
princeas eagerly availed herself of this opportunity to
avenge the wrongs which Pelias had done to Jason, and,
in order to pique still more the curiosity of his daugh-
ers, she ia said to have cut to pieces an old ram, and
then, boiling the parts in a caldron, to have caused a
young lamb to come forth from it. The daughters of
Pelias thereupon slew their father, and boiled his flesh
in a caldron; but Medea refused to perform the requi-
site ceremonies; and, in order to avoid the punishment
she had a right to expect for this cruel deed, fled with
Jason to Corinth. --According to another account, how-
ever, Medea did not restore . ? Eson to youth, he having
been driven by Pelias, before the return of Jason, to
the act of self-destruction. (Vid /Eson. )--After re-
siding for some time at Corinth, Medea found herself
deserted by Jason, who espoused the daughter of
Creon, the Corinthian king. Taking, thereupon, sum-
mary vengeance on her rival, and having destroyed her
two sons whom she had by Jason (vid. Jason), Medea
mounted a chariot drawn by winged serpents and fled
to Athens, where she had by King ^Egeus a son named
Medus. Being detected, however, in an attempt to
destroy Theseus (vid. Theseus), she fled from Athens
with her son. Medus conquered several barbarous
tribes, and also, say the poets, the country which he
named Media after himself; and he finally fell in bat-
tle with the Indians. Medea, returning unknown to
Colchis, found that her father . -Eeles had been robbed of
his throne by her brother Perses. She restored him, and
deprived the usurper of life. --Neither Jason nor Medea
can be well regarded as a real historical personage.
(Compare remarks at the close of the article Jason. )
Whether the former, whose name is nearly identical
with lasion, Iasios, Iasos, is merely a personification
of the Ionian race ('Idovtc), or, in reference to a myth
to be noticed in the sequel, signifies the healing, ato-
ning god or hero, may be doubted. Medea, however,
seems to be plainly only another form of Juno, and to
have been separated from her in a way of which many
instances occur in ancient legends. She is the coun-
selling (/ir/dof) goddess; and in the history of Jason
we find Juno alwaya acting in this capacity towards
him, who, as Homer says, "teas very dear to her"
(<W. , 13, 72); an obscure hint, perhaps, of the love
of Jason and Medea. Medea, also, always acts a
friendly part; and it seems highly probable that the
atrocities related of her are pure fictions of the Attic
dramatists. (Midler, Qrctiom. , p. 68. ) The bringing
of Jason and Medea to Corinth seems also to indicate
? connexion between the latter and Juno, who was
worshipped there under the titlo of Acraa, and the
? ? graves of tho children of Medea were in the temple of
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:12 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? MED
MED
money. The Cossaii were defeated by Alexander,
but thev never appear to have been completely subdued
by the 'Macedonians.