988, in the Annals of Ulster, when
Dublidaleithe
was elected Abbot, in this manner.
O'Hanlon - Lives of the Irish Saints - v6
ii.
, cap.
38.
See lib. i. , cap. 4, 18, lib. ii. , cap. 12,
See lib. i. , cap. 6. , lib. ii. , cap. 34. See lib. ii. , cap 45.
See lib. ii. , cap. 3.
trees. See lib. ii. , cap. 45.
166
167 See lib. ii. , cap, 45.
,88 l8g I9° I91 "
See lib. i. , cap. 12, 18.
See lib. i. , cap. 19.
See lib. ii. , cap. 39.
See lib. i. , cap. 18, 28.
Sometimes he is called Corii4j\bA
See lib ii. , cap. 39.
168
169
170 See lib, ii. , cap. 45.
171 See lib. ii. , cap. 45.
See lib. ii. , cap. 42. See lib. ii. , cap. 45.
172 See lib.
ii. , cap. 39, 45.
,93 Thus at A. D. in the Annals of 854,
l6s "
l6? someofwickerworkcoveredwith
1 " and
wind and oar, as also formed to hold a crew. 1 ? 6 There were small portable
of
having keels, sides, poops, prows,
boats, canoes, and punts, for crossing rivers, ? ? or for inland lochs. ?
vessels were for
1 ? ? or for
81
across the Sound of
Hy,
l8° some-
cruising,
ferrying cymbse,
times called
or small boats. Barks
mandedbyregularsailors. l84 Alltheseavesselsofthesocietywereprovided withnauticalappliances,amongwhichwerebottlesformilk. 18* Thesevessels
cobles/ occasionally
whom were 1? monks,
11 ?
caupalli,
or
seamen, while some
navigators,
rowers, belonging
capable
arrived from distant
countries,
l8 3 and com-
regular fraternity.
The officers and servants of the community, at first, were but few
in number ; however, as the system became developed, duties were more
specially defined, and agents in the various departments were multiplied. Those monastic inmates who are recorded were the Abbot, Prior, Bishop,
Scribe, Anchorite, Butler, Baker, Cook, Smith, and attendant messengers. In aftertimes, the president of the Culdees is mentioned, as being connected with Iona. The abbot's jurisdiction was supreme, and the founder's suc-
cessor—regarded as the legitimate heir—was styled his Comharba,1? 2 in those
155 See lib. ii. , cap. 45. '? 3 See lib. i. , cap. 19, lib. ii. , cap. 45.
"* 156 Said to be fluciivago suspensa salo. "
157 These are alluded to in lib. i. , cap. 22,
30, 45, lib. ii. , cap. 15, 45.
158 See Rev. Dr. Reeves' Adamnan's
''
Life of St. Columba," lib. i. , cap. 30, and n. (b\ pp. 58, 59.
159 See lib. ii. , cap. 45.
160
74 Denominated Palmulse. See lib. ii. , cap. 45.
I75 See lib. ii. , cap. 42.
12.
cap.
'? ? See lib. i. cap. 34, lib. ii. , cap. 27.
I? 8 See lib. i. , cap. i. I79 See ibid.
On many of the Iona tombstones,
l8° l8'
See lib. i. , cap. 41, lib. iii. , cap. 23.
Flat-bottomed boats, and alluded to by
1? 5 See lib. ii. ,
and
large varied,
being x18
by
or and large boats,
l82 cymbulse
92
CoUnmcil. be. or Hseres Columbse-cille.
Some
to the
396 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [June 9.
ages after his death. IQ 3 When Hy lost its supremacy, and when the principal Columbian station was alike in Ireland or in Scotland,I04 the Abbot's elec- tionlaywith "themenofErinandofAlba. "105 Wheneverinfirmityofthe Abbot or when other a
100 was elected, and he was ready to fill this position. He was said, thereupon,
tenere. |principatum,'97
Iae,
the new abbot succeeded in the
suscipere.
mary subject 2I
of
study
was
reading
the Sacred
Scriptures, 21
any exigencydemanded, coadjutor-successor
When a
the term of his office was that of his
200 and
vacancy occurred,
primacy,
or cathedram 108 or cathedramColumbae 100
abbot, 3 as with the junior members of the society * ;
latter, embracing writings of the Holy Fathers. ? Owing to the well-known intel- lectual tastes and the highly-cultivated mind of the founder, Hy was not
to fall short in its
210 as also with Tracts on other pious subjects, besides having a miscellaneous selection of books. Thistoowasinaccordancewiththecontemporaneouspracticesof
all the great monasteries. 20 Writing formed a most important part of the Iona. See Rev. Dr. Reeves' Adamnan's Hibernicarum Scriptores," tomus ii. , the
"
likely
literary provision. furnished with the Lives of
was monastery probably
Saints,
Life of St. Columba. " Additional Notes O, Annals of Tigernach, at A. D. 724. p. 234.
-OI
194 See at a. d. 979, and 1060, in the ibid. , tomus iv. , p. 120.
p. 390.
See the Annals of Ulster, at A. D. 800,
"
Dr. O'Conor's "Rerun Hibernicarum
Scriptores," tomus iv.
195 See at a. d.
988, in the Annals of Ulster, when Dublidaleithe was elected Abbot, in this manner. See ibid. , pp. 286, 287. Also, this happened in A. D. 1164 and in A. D. 1203.
a02
In Irish Aipcmnech, or Erenach of la. 2°3 SeetheAnnalsofUlster, atA. d. 977,
ibid. , p. 281. :o4SeeDr. O'Donovan's"AnnalsoftheFour
Masters," at A. D. 976, vol. ii. , pp. 704, 705. "°^ In the Annals of Ulster, at A. D. 1025.
Annales Ultonienses," pp. 282, 325. Rev.
196 He was called the CAiiAip abbAit). See
Dr. O'Donovan's "Annals of the Four lib. i. , cap. 30, 31, 35, lib. ii. , cap. 18.
vol. ii. , at a. d.
I9? See in Rev. Dr. O'Conor's "Rerun
Hibernicarum Scriptores,'' tomus iv. , the
Annals of Ulster, at A. D. 706, and at A. D.
723. pp. 71, 78.
198 Seethe Annals of Ulster at A. D.
712,
ibid. , p. 73.
'" See at A. D. 715, ibid. , p. 74.
200 See in Rev. Dr. O'Conor's " Rerum
2°7 See lib. i. ,
"°8 This Irish name was peftKn£if .
"°9 In the Annals of UUter, at A. D. 7S1.
See Rev. Dr. O'Conor's "Rerun Hiberni-
A. D. 777, pp. 382, 383.
2 " See Adamnan's "VitaS. Columbae,"
Masters,"
935, pp. 632, 633.
cap. 37.
presidency.
201 When he was a local
superior of Hy, but not a Coarb of Columcille, in one instance, he is styled
Irish Annals. 20^ For this latter the later term,
airchinnech 202 in the la,
early compilationssubstituteAbbotofIa-Choluimcille. 204 Inoneinstance,wefind
the expression Coarb of Ia2°5 introduced, by' the old annalist. As in the
associate monasteries therehad been 200 who were prefects,
to the abbot- in-chief or archimandrite, so in Hy there appears to have been an officer, who assisted the abbot 2°? when at home, and took his place in the administration when absent. He was sometimes called Custos monasterii, or Guardian of the Monastery, and sometimes GEconomus,208 or Administrator. The obit of one (Economus of is 200 whom the Four Masters the
210
Prior.
The stated employments of the community, besides their religious ser-
vices, were reading, writing, and manual labour, according to the example of the founder, who allowed no time to pass, in which he was not engaged in
prayer,
in or in reading,
writing,
or in some useful 211 The occupation.
Hy recorded, style
pri- 212 as well with the
and, in particular, in committing to memory the book of psalms. Besides the Holy Scriptures, there was the study of profane as well as of ecclesiastical authors 215 the for-
;
mer classical writers of the Latin and Greek 210 the including languages,
2I
subject
218 For collective the reading,
See Rev. Dr. O'Conor's
"
Reruin Iliberni-
carum Scriptores,'' tomus iv. , p, 315.
ao6 See Adamnan's " Life of St. Columba,"
carum Scriptores," tomus iv. , p. no.
2I0 In Irish See Dr. O'Donovan's
p]\io|\.
"Annals of die Four Masters, vol. i. , at
"
June 9. ] LIVESOFTHEIRISHSAINTS. monastic occupations. The founder was much devoted to it,
397
and many Cummian, Adamnan, &c, also practised the composition of literary works. There must have been in Iona and in its subordinate monasteries, Missals, Antiphonaries,
Graduals, Hymnals and other Service Books for public use, at the Altars, and in the choirs of their respective oratories and churches. While several Manu-
of his books were
preserved.
222 His
successors,
wrapper,
shoes or
26 meals. *
very shaggy
working travelling, they
Prsefacio Secunda.
812 See lib. ii. , cap. I.
913 See lib. ii. , cap. 40.
xxxvni. , pp. 123, 124.
225 Of their ordinary Latin hand, in the
eighth century, the Rev. Dr. Reeves' Cod.
214 See lib.
lib. 21. iii. , cap.
A. of Adamnan is a fine
226 This is remarkably illustrated in the
Book of Armagh. The style is peculiar to the Irish school, and the family likeness can be traced in manuscripts, which are now found in situations very remote from one another.
227 See Adamnan's "Life of St. Co- lumba," lib. i. , cap. 35.
328 See lib. ii. , cap. 3, 44. 229 See lib. ii. , cap. 3, 44. 230 See lib. i. , cap. 37.
331 See lib. i. cap. 28.
especially
kept
monastery.
ii. , cap. 25,
215 See Venerable Bede's " Historia Ec-
clesiastica Gentis Anglorum," lib. v. , cap. 18.
2,6 Adamnan's two remaining Latin works
give proof of his classical attainments, and Cummian's Paschal Epistle is a remarkable specimen of the Irish ecclesiastical learning of his day.
217 See ibid. , lib. v. , cap. 20.
218 I'o the Saxon students, whoTrequented
Ireland in the seventh,and eighth century, the natives supplied books for study.
specimen.
3,9 Adamnan
quotes Sulpicius'
Life of St.
333 See lib.
233 See lib. iii. , cap. 12.
234 See lib. ii. , cap. 16.
235 See lib. iii. , cap. 10.
236 See lib. i. , cap. 29, lib. ii. , cap. 3,
lib. 337
Martin, and Constantine's Life of St. Ger-
manus, which were collected in a mixtion.
220
after supper, of " collationes vel vitas Pa-
ornamented and 22* others were traced in a illuminated,
were
plainer fashion. The Greek hand was in vogue, among the Irish scribes of the eighth century. 225 It was a common practice with them, to write Latin matter
highly
in the Greek letters.
scripts
226
It seems very probable, that a journal or a chronicle
St. Benedict prescribed the reading
—aut certe
trum, aliquid quod
"
tes. " Regula S. Benedicti," cap. 42.
of obits—was
of events—
Irish Annals probably derived the few particulars which they have recorded con- cerning Hy.
See lib. i. , cap. 4, 18, lib. ii. , cap. 12,
See lib. i. , cap. 6. , lib. ii. , cap. 34. See lib. ii. , cap 45.
See lib. ii. , cap. 3.
trees. See lib. ii. , cap. 45.
166
167 See lib. ii. , cap, 45.
,88 l8g I9° I91 "
See lib. i. , cap. 12, 18.
See lib. i. , cap. 19.
See lib. ii. , cap. 39.
See lib. i. , cap. 18, 28.
Sometimes he is called Corii4j\bA
See lib ii. , cap. 39.
168
169
170 See lib, ii. , cap. 45.
171 See lib. ii. , cap. 45.
See lib. ii. , cap. 42. See lib. ii. , cap. 45.
172 See lib.
ii. , cap. 39, 45.
,93 Thus at A. D. in the Annals of 854,
l6s "
l6? someofwickerworkcoveredwith
1 " and
wind and oar, as also formed to hold a crew. 1 ? 6 There were small portable
of
having keels, sides, poops, prows,
boats, canoes, and punts, for crossing rivers, ? ? or for inland lochs. ?
vessels were for
1 ? ? or for
81
across the Sound of
Hy,
l8° some-
cruising,
ferrying cymbse,
times called
or small boats. Barks
mandedbyregularsailors. l84 Alltheseavesselsofthesocietywereprovided withnauticalappliances,amongwhichwerebottlesformilk. 18* Thesevessels
cobles/ occasionally
whom were 1? monks,
11 ?
caupalli,
or
seamen, while some
navigators,
rowers, belonging
capable
arrived from distant
countries,
l8 3 and com-
regular fraternity.
The officers and servants of the community, at first, were but few
in number ; however, as the system became developed, duties were more
specially defined, and agents in the various departments were multiplied. Those monastic inmates who are recorded were the Abbot, Prior, Bishop,
Scribe, Anchorite, Butler, Baker, Cook, Smith, and attendant messengers. In aftertimes, the president of the Culdees is mentioned, as being connected with Iona. The abbot's jurisdiction was supreme, and the founder's suc-
cessor—regarded as the legitimate heir—was styled his Comharba,1? 2 in those
155 See lib. ii. , cap. 45. '? 3 See lib. i. , cap. 19, lib. ii. , cap. 45.
"* 156 Said to be fluciivago suspensa salo. "
157 These are alluded to in lib. i. , cap. 22,
30, 45, lib. ii. , cap. 15, 45.
158 See Rev. Dr. Reeves' Adamnan's
''
Life of St. Columba," lib. i. , cap. 30, and n. (b\ pp. 58, 59.
159 See lib. ii. , cap. 45.
160
74 Denominated Palmulse. See lib. ii. , cap. 45.
I75 See lib. ii. , cap. 42.
12.
cap.
'? ? See lib. i. cap. 34, lib. ii. , cap. 27.
I? 8 See lib. i. , cap. i. I79 See ibid.
On many of the Iona tombstones,
l8° l8'
See lib. i. , cap. 41, lib. iii. , cap. 23.
Flat-bottomed boats, and alluded to by
1? 5 See lib. ii. ,
and
large varied,
being x18
by
or and large boats,
l82 cymbulse
92
CoUnmcil. be. or Hseres Columbse-cille.
Some
to the
396 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [June 9.
ages after his death. IQ 3 When Hy lost its supremacy, and when the principal Columbian station was alike in Ireland or in Scotland,I04 the Abbot's elec- tionlaywith "themenofErinandofAlba. "105 Wheneverinfirmityofthe Abbot or when other a
100 was elected, and he was ready to fill this position. He was said, thereupon,
tenere. |principatum,'97
Iae,
the new abbot succeeded in the
suscipere.
mary subject 2I
of
study
was
reading
the Sacred
Scriptures, 21
any exigencydemanded, coadjutor-successor
When a
the term of his office was that of his
200 and
vacancy occurred,
primacy,
or cathedram 108 or cathedramColumbae 100
abbot, 3 as with the junior members of the society * ;
latter, embracing writings of the Holy Fathers. ? Owing to the well-known intel- lectual tastes and the highly-cultivated mind of the founder, Hy was not
to fall short in its
210 as also with Tracts on other pious subjects, besides having a miscellaneous selection of books. Thistoowasinaccordancewiththecontemporaneouspracticesof
all the great monasteries. 20 Writing formed a most important part of the Iona. See Rev. Dr. Reeves' Adamnan's Hibernicarum Scriptores," tomus ii. , the
"
likely
literary provision. furnished with the Lives of
was monastery probably
Saints,
Life of St. Columba. " Additional Notes O, Annals of Tigernach, at A. D. 724. p. 234.
-OI
194 See at a. d. 979, and 1060, in the ibid. , tomus iv. , p. 120.
p. 390.
See the Annals of Ulster, at A. D. 800,
"
Dr. O'Conor's "Rerun Hibernicarum
Scriptores," tomus iv.
195 See at a. d.
988, in the Annals of Ulster, when Dublidaleithe was elected Abbot, in this manner. See ibid. , pp. 286, 287. Also, this happened in A. D. 1164 and in A. D. 1203.
a02
In Irish Aipcmnech, or Erenach of la. 2°3 SeetheAnnalsofUlster, atA. d. 977,
ibid. , p. 281. :o4SeeDr. O'Donovan's"AnnalsoftheFour
Masters," at A. D. 976, vol. ii. , pp. 704, 705. "°^ In the Annals of Ulster, at A. D. 1025.
Annales Ultonienses," pp. 282, 325. Rev.
196 He was called the CAiiAip abbAit). See
Dr. O'Donovan's "Annals of the Four lib. i. , cap. 30, 31, 35, lib. ii. , cap. 18.
vol. ii. , at a. d.
I9? See in Rev. Dr. O'Conor's "Rerun
Hibernicarum Scriptores,'' tomus iv. , the
Annals of Ulster, at A. D. 706, and at A. D.
723. pp. 71, 78.
198 Seethe Annals of Ulster at A. D.
712,
ibid. , p. 73.
'" See at A. D. 715, ibid. , p. 74.
200 See in Rev. Dr. O'Conor's " Rerum
2°7 See lib. i. ,
"°8 This Irish name was peftKn£if .
"°9 In the Annals of UUter, at A. D. 7S1.
See Rev. Dr. O'Conor's "Rerun Hiberni-
A. D. 777, pp. 382, 383.
2 " See Adamnan's "VitaS. Columbae,"
Masters,"
935, pp. 632, 633.
cap. 37.
presidency.
201 When he was a local
superior of Hy, but not a Coarb of Columcille, in one instance, he is styled
Irish Annals. 20^ For this latter the later term,
airchinnech 202 in the la,
early compilationssubstituteAbbotofIa-Choluimcille. 204 Inoneinstance,wefind
the expression Coarb of Ia2°5 introduced, by' the old annalist. As in the
associate monasteries therehad been 200 who were prefects,
to the abbot- in-chief or archimandrite, so in Hy there appears to have been an officer, who assisted the abbot 2°? when at home, and took his place in the administration when absent. He was sometimes called Custos monasterii, or Guardian of the Monastery, and sometimes GEconomus,208 or Administrator. The obit of one (Economus of is 200 whom the Four Masters the
210
Prior.
The stated employments of the community, besides their religious ser-
vices, were reading, writing, and manual labour, according to the example of the founder, who allowed no time to pass, in which he was not engaged in
prayer,
in or in reading,
writing,
or in some useful 211 The occupation.
Hy recorded, style
pri- 212 as well with the
and, in particular, in committing to memory the book of psalms. Besides the Holy Scriptures, there was the study of profane as well as of ecclesiastical authors 215 the for-
;
mer classical writers of the Latin and Greek 210 the including languages,
2I
subject
218 For collective the reading,
See Rev. Dr. O'Conor's
"
Reruin Iliberni-
carum Scriptores,'' tomus iv. , p, 315.
ao6 See Adamnan's " Life of St. Columba,"
carum Scriptores," tomus iv. , p. no.
2I0 In Irish See Dr. O'Donovan's
p]\io|\.
"Annals of die Four Masters, vol. i. , at
"
June 9. ] LIVESOFTHEIRISHSAINTS. monastic occupations. The founder was much devoted to it,
397
and many Cummian, Adamnan, &c, also practised the composition of literary works. There must have been in Iona and in its subordinate monasteries, Missals, Antiphonaries,
Graduals, Hymnals and other Service Books for public use, at the Altars, and in the choirs of their respective oratories and churches. While several Manu-
of his books were
preserved.
222 His
successors,
wrapper,
shoes or
26 meals. *
very shaggy
working travelling, they
Prsefacio Secunda.
812 See lib. ii. , cap. I.
913 See lib. ii. , cap. 40.
xxxvni. , pp. 123, 124.
225 Of their ordinary Latin hand, in the
eighth century, the Rev. Dr. Reeves' Cod.
214 See lib.
lib. 21. iii. , cap.
A. of Adamnan is a fine
226 This is remarkably illustrated in the
Book of Armagh. The style is peculiar to the Irish school, and the family likeness can be traced in manuscripts, which are now found in situations very remote from one another.
227 See Adamnan's "Life of St. Co- lumba," lib. i. , cap. 35.
328 See lib. ii. , cap. 3, 44. 229 See lib. ii. , cap. 3, 44. 230 See lib. i. , cap. 37.
331 See lib. i. cap. 28.
especially
kept
monastery.
ii. , cap. 25,
215 See Venerable Bede's " Historia Ec-
clesiastica Gentis Anglorum," lib. v. , cap. 18.
2,6 Adamnan's two remaining Latin works
give proof of his classical attainments, and Cummian's Paschal Epistle is a remarkable specimen of the Irish ecclesiastical learning of his day.
217 See ibid. , lib. v. , cap. 20.
218 I'o the Saxon students, whoTrequented
Ireland in the seventh,and eighth century, the natives supplied books for study.
specimen.
3,9 Adamnan
quotes Sulpicius'
Life of St.
333 See lib.
233 See lib. iii. , cap. 12.
234 See lib. ii. , cap. 16.
235 See lib. iii. , cap. 10.
236 See lib. i. , cap. 29, lib. ii. , cap. 3,
lib. 337
Martin, and Constantine's Life of St. Ger-
manus, which were collected in a mixtion.
220
after supper, of " collationes vel vitas Pa-
ornamented and 22* others were traced in a illuminated,
were
plainer fashion. The Greek hand was in vogue, among the Irish scribes of the eighth century. 225 It was a common practice with them, to write Latin matter
highly
in the Greek letters.
scripts
226
It seems very probable, that a journal or a chronicle
St. Benedict prescribed the reading
—aut certe
trum, aliquid quod
"
tes. " Regula S. Benedicti," cap. 42.
of obits—was
of events—
Irish Annals probably derived the few particulars which they have recorded con- cerning Hy.
